Walter Charleton (1616-1707) was an English natural philosopher and doctor.
Quote Category: Gender and Sexuality
Gender roles and conceptions of sexuality have taken a variety of forms throughout global history. The predominance of heterosexual relationships and the social definition of women as the “weaker sex” was by no means hegemonic in all societies at all times. However, many alternative social models have been wiped out and forgotten by colonisation, missions and dominant culture.
In the gender and sexuality timeline, we explore the following questions:
*What different conceptions of gender have existed over the course of history?
* What power relations have shaped gender roles, and how have these changed over time?
*What alternative ideas of gender have existed and continue to exit?
*What form did resistance against hegemonic gender roles, images and sexualities take in the past, and today?
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Read the solution on the "line with the dots" (there where you can re-read all the quotes)
OK
You are the true Hyenas, that allure us with the fairness of your skins and when folly has brought us within your reach, you leap upon us. You are the traitors of Wisdom, the impediment to Industry… the clogs to Virtue and the goads that drive us to all vices, impiety and ruin.You are the Fool’s Paradise, the wiseman’s Plague and the Grand Error of Nature
Correct!
You are the true Hyenas, that allure us with the fairness of your skins and when folly has brought us within your reach, you leap upon us. You are the traitors of Wisdom, the impediment to Industry… the clogs to Virtue and the goads that drive us to all vices, impiety and ruin.You are the Fool’s Paradise, the wiseman’s Plague and the Grand Error of Nature
Year:
Author Bio:
Source:
Walter Charleton (1659): Ephesian Matron. Quotet by Silvia Federici (2004: 163).
Context:
Time and again, women are used as scapegoats: from the biblical story in which Eve seduced Adam into taking a bite of the apple, to the witch hunts, where women were held responsible for all the social ills of the time. In this quote, women are accused, amongst other things, of driving men crazy through their sexual attractiveness. This inversion of responsibility is still used today, e.g. when a victim of sexual violence, rather than its perpetrator, is held culpable for the violence inflicted on them.
Further Reading:
*Silvia Federici (2004): Caliban and the Witch. Women, the Body and Primitive Accumulation. New York: Autonomedia.
OK
Aboriginal women and families have been on the frontline all along trying to expose violence against indigenous women and its deep-seated roots, as well as to bring about chang. It has been more than 519 years that our women are still resisting colonial violence against us, our people, our nation and our land. It is the longest social movement in North America. To end violence for all people, aboriginal women must be at the epicenter of the solution.
Correct!
Aboriginal women and families have been on the frontline all along trying to expose violence against indigenous women and its deep-seated roots, as well as to bring about chang. It has been more than 519 years that our women are still resisting colonial violence against us, our people, our nation and our land. It is the longest social movement in North America. To end violence for all people, aboriginal women must be at the epicenter of the solution.
Year:
Author Bio:
Bridget Tolley (born in 1960), is a Kitigan Zibi Anishinabeg activist for the rights of First Nation women in Canada.
Source:
Context:
Indigenous women were often at the forefront of anti-colonial movements. For example, Toypurina (1760-1799) in present day California or Bartolina Sisa (1750 / 1753-1782) in Bolivia. Sisa was in command of an army of 40,000 fighters who besieged the Spanish colonisers in La Paz for three months in 1781. The International Day of Indigenous Women takes place on the date of her death: she was executed by the Spaniards on the 5th of September, 1782. The educationalist Cyndy Baskin writes that colonial tyranny has often displaced indigenous gender concepts. For example, her research has shown that women were respected members of society in indigenous communities in Turtle Island, Canada (Baskin 2019).
Further Reading:
*Pearson McKinney (2016): Before European Christians Forced Gender Roles, Native Americans Acknowledged 5 Genders.
*Beverley Jacobs (2014): How do we stop aboriginal women from disappearing? Ted talk.
*Families of Sisters in Spirit.
*Cyndy Baskin (2019): Contemporary Indigenous Women’s Roles: Traditional Teachings or Internalized Colonialism?
OK
Everyone that gets an authority into his hands tyrannizes over others; as many husbands, parents, masters, magistrates that live after the flesh do carry themselves like oppressing lords over such as are under them, not knowing that their wives, children, servants, subjects are their fellow creatures, and hath an equal privilege to share them in the blessing of liberty
Correct!
Everyone that gets an authority into his hands tyrannizes over others; as many husbands, parents, masters, magistrates that live after the flesh do carry themselves like oppressing lords over such as are under them, not knowing that their wives, children, servants, subjects are their fellow creatures, and hath an equal privilege to share them in the blessing of liberty
Year:
Author Bio:
Gerrard Winstanley (1609-1676) was a protestant reformer and political activist in England.
Source:
Gerrad Winstanley (1649): The new law of righteousness, p. 158.
Context:
Winstanley was active in the Diggers movement which consisted mainly of landless farmers who were demanding land for the general population in which to grow their food. He aspired to a society without money and wage labour. In this quote, Winstanley pointed out that violent structures and relationships tended to be reproduced over and over again. People subject to violence and oppression were generally those most likely to notice this fact. And these people usually did not belong to the dominant race, class, gender, sexuality, and so on categories, i.e. the poor, women, homosexuals, racialised people, transgender, and so on.
Further Reading:
*Maria Mies (1986): Patriachy and Accumulation on a World Scale. Women in the International Division of Labour. London & New York: Zed Books.
OK
I told him that it was not honourable for a woman to love anyone else except her husband, and that this evil being among them, he himself was not sure that his son, who was there present, was his son. He replied: “Thou hast no sense. You French people love only your own children; but we love all the children of our tribe.” I began to laugh, seeing that he philosophised in horse and mule fashion.
Correct!
I told him that it was not honourable for a woman to love anyone else except her husband, and that this evil being among them, he himself was not sure that his son, who was there present, was his son. He replied: “Thou hast no sense. You French people love only your own children; but we love all the children of our tribe.” I began to laugh, seeing that he philosophised in horse and mule fashion.
Year:
Author Bio:
Paul Le Jeune was a French Jesuit who lived in Canada in the mid 17th century. The Jesuits wanted to evangelise and discipline the Montagnais-Naskapi. The Montagnais-Naskapi lived on the eastern Labrador Peninsula.
Source:
Eleanor Burke Leacock (1981): Myths of Male Dominance: Collected Articles on Women Cross-Culturally. New York: Monthly Review Press, p. 50. The year (1637) is an approximation.
Context:
The missionary is surprised by the Montagnais-Naskapi’s generosity, sense of community and indifference to status, but at the same time shocked by their contempt for concepts such as possessiveness, authority (Leacock, 1981: 49) and male superiority (Leacock, 1981: 52), and at the fact that they do not punish their children. The coloniser Hernández de Córdoba was also surprised when in 1517 he landed on an island off the Yucatán peninsula in Mexico: there were so many female deities in the temples (Federici, 2014: 277) that he called it the “Isla de las Mujeres” (island of women). Europeans often viewed a lack of male authority as a lack of civilization.
Further Reading:
*Silvia Federici (2004): Caliban and the Witch. Women, the Body and Primitive Accumulation. New York: Autonomedia.
*Howard Zinn (2015): A People’s History of the United States. New York: Harper Perennial.
OK
Birth control itself, often denounced as a violation of natural law, is nothing more or less than the facilitation of the process of weeding out the unfit, of preventing the birth of defectives or of those who will become defectives. So, in compliance with nature’s working plan, we must permit womanhood its full development before we can expect of it efficient motherhood. If we are to make racial progress, this development of womanhood must precede motherhood in every individual woman.
Correct!
Birth control itself, often denounced as a violation of natural law, is nothing more or less than the facilitation of the process of weeding out the unfit, of preventing the birth of defectives or of those who will become defectives. So, in compliance with nature’s working plan, we must permit womanhood its full development before we can expect of it efficient motherhood. If we are to make racial progress, this development of womanhood must precede motherhood in every individual woman.
Year:
Author Bio:
Margaret Sanger (1879-1966) was a US-American women’s rights activist with ties to the eugenics movement.
Source:
Margaret Sanger (1920): Woman and the New Race. New York: Brentano’s, p. 8.
Context:
Margaret Sanger co-founded the IPPF in 1952, which promoted global population control. There are overlaps between feminist, socialist and eugenics currents. The IPPF circulated eugenics’ problematic ideas, without directly referring to the Nazis’ racial hygiene doctrine.
Further Reading:
*Betsy Hartmann (1995): Reproductive Rights and Wrongs. The Global Politics of Population Control. Cambridge: South Ende Press.
OK
He is beautiful, flirtatious, attractive, polite, amiable and has the breast of a nightingale. His hair is like a hyacinth (red gemstone), his dimple a rose, his look like the hangman’s, his colour that of boxwood, his larynx like steel, his behind a crystal bowl, his navel a source of light, his calves like silver pillars, his feet, silver bars, his forehead curls like silk fringes.
Correct!
He is beautiful, flirtatious, attractive, polite, amiable and has the breast of a nightingale. His hair is like a hyacinth (red gemstone), his dimple a rose, his look like the hangman’s, his colour that of boxwood, his larynx like steel, his behind a crystal bowl, his navel a source of light, his calves like silver pillars, his feet, silver bars, his forehead curls like silk fringes.
Year:
Author Bio:
The text “Yemenici Bali” (Bali the shoemaker’s boy) comes from the book Dellakname-i Dilküsa (The Book on Bath Servants) from the 17th century, made famous in more recent times by the journalist Murat Bardakçı. “It is one of the rare erotic texts by the Ottomans that has been passed down to our time” (Erdoğan 1998). 1680 is an approximate date.
Source:
Quoted by Sema Nilgün Erdoğan (1998, German): Sexuelles Leben bei den Osmanen. Istanbul: Dönence.
Context:
Sexual contact between men was just as much a part of the Ottoman Empire as men’s poetry and fantasies about young men. Young boys, who often conformed to specific ideals of beauty, were not viewed as living male beings, but as a kind of imperfect man or woman. For many Ottomans, sexual contact with them was part of gaining experience before marrying a woman. As a man, having a relationship with a woman meant a stable life marked by family planning, loyalty, and purely conjugal sex with one’s wife. In his book Desiring Arabs (2008), Joseph Massad also speaks of Western sexual models that were imposed. He compiles historical Arabic writings on sexual desire and conservative responses to them. There is also ample evidence of homosexual relationships from ancient Greece, especially between men in Sparta and, between women, on the island of Lesbos.
Further Reading:
*Arabmediasociety.com, 21.01.2009: Book Review Desiring Arabs.
OK
This blue-eyed hag was hither brought with child and here was left by th’ sailors. Thou, my slave, as thou report’st thyself, wast then her servant. And, for thou wast a spirit too delicate to act her earthy and abhorred commands, refusing her grand hests, she did confine thee, by help of her more potent ministers and in her most unmitigable rage, into a cloven pine, within which rift imprisoned thou didst painfully remain a dozen years; within which space she died and left thee there, where thou didst vent thy groans as fast as mill wheels strike.
Correct!
This blue-eyed hag was hither brought with child and here was left by th’ sailors. Thou, my slave, as thou report’st thyself, wast then her servant. And, for thou wast a spirit too delicate to act her earthy and abhorred commands, refusing her grand hests, she did confine thee, by help of her more potent ministers and in her most unmitigable rage, into a cloven pine, within which rift imprisoned thou didst painfully remain a dozen years; within which space she died and left thee there, where thou didst vent thy groans as fast as mill wheels strike.
Year:
Author Bio:
William Shakespeare (1564-1616) was an English playwright.
Source:
William Shakespeare (1611): The Tempest.
Context:
In Shakespeare’s play The Tempest, Caliban, an indigenous man from a fictional island and son of the witch Sycorax who is referred to in the quote, organises an uprising against the Europeans of the island together with two European workers. The uprising fails. Black poet Aimé Césaire wrote the play A Tempest in 1969 in order to confront Western ideologies. The quote represents the European spirit of the 16th and 17th centuries. During this period especially, femininity was portrayed as depraved and dangerous. This was in part because women played a major role in the movements of heretics, which questioned the authority and power of the church and thus represented a threat to order in that period. One of the defining features of this campaign of vilification was the burning of witches. Between 1550 and 1650, a particularly large number of women in Europe were burned as witches (Federici 2009: 229).
Further Reading:
*Silvia Federici (2014): Caliban und die Hexe. Frauen, der Körper und die ursprüngliche Akkumulation. Wien: Mandelbaum.
*Aimé Césaire (1969): A Tempest. New York: Ubu Repertory Theater Publications.
* Sarah Richt (2019): A Tempest by Aimé Césaire: Curriculum Guide for Postcolonial Educators.
OK
Since European contact Aboriginal people, such as myself, have been constructed as “straight”. This cultural default has contributed to the difficulty of proving so-called “real accounts” of sexual and gender diversity of Aboriginal people prior to European contact. (…) It is not inconceivable that homophobia and transphobia are practices introduced by the Christian missionaries. The social order of the missions, in an attempt to “civilise the natives”, limited Aboriginal expression.
Correct!
Since European contact Aboriginal people, such as myself, have been constructed as “straight”. This cultural default has contributed to the difficulty of proving so-called “real accounts” of sexual and gender diversity of Aboriginal people prior to European contact. (…) It is not inconceivable that homophobia and transphobia are practices introduced by the Christian missionaries. The social order of the missions, in an attempt to “civilise the natives”, limited Aboriginal expression.
Year:
Author Bio:
Troy-Anthony Baylis (born in 1976) is a Jawoyn Aboriginal from northern Australia. He is an artist, curator and writer.
Source:
Troy-Anthon Baylis (15.04.2014): The art of seeing Aboriginal Australia’s queer potential. In: The Conversation.
Context:
Troy-Anthon Baylis researches gender diversity and has found that there are indigenous names for non-binary genders on the Australian Tiwi Islands (The Hook Up 2018). Non-heterosexual concepts such as “two-spirit” in North America, were part of sexuality in many pre-colonial societies. These were viewed by the Christian Church and colonialists as immoral reprehensible and therefore forbidden. In the Catholic Church, homosexuality and non-procreative sex were condemned as early as the Third Lateran Council of 1179 (Boswell 1981, quoted from Federici, 2014: 47) as a sin against nature (Spencer 1995, quoted from Federici, 2014: 47).
Further Reading:
*The Hook Up (2018): What do we know about queer Indigenous history?
*Silvia Federici (2014): Caliban und die Hexe. Frauen, der Körper und die ursprüngliche Akkumulation. Wien: Mandelbaum.
*Pearson McKinney (2016): Before European Christians Forced Gender Roles, Native Americans Acknowledged 5 Genders.
**Arabmediasociety.com, 21.01.2009: Book Review Desiring Arabs.
OK
Not all nor nearly all of the murders done by white men, during the past thirty years in the South, have come to light, but the statistics as gathered and preserved by white men, and which have not been questioned, show that during these years more than ten thousand Negroes have been killed in cold blood, without the formality of judicial trial and legal execution. And yet, as evidence of the absolute impunity with which the white man dares to kill a Negro, the same record shows that during all these years, and for all these murders only three white men have been tried, convicted, and executed.
Correct!
Not all nor nearly all of the murders done by white men, during the past thirty years in the South, have come to light, but the statistics as gathered and preserved by white men, and which have not been questioned, show that during these years more than ten thousand Negroes have been killed in cold blood, without the formality of judicial trial and legal execution. And yet, as evidence of the absolute impunity with which the white man dares to kill a Negro, the same record shows that during all these years, and for all these murders only three white men have been tried, convicted, and executed.
Year:
Author Bio:
Ida B. Wells (1862-1931) was a Black investigative journalist, sociologist, and feminist. She documented the lynch law in the United States in the 1890s.
The missing years are 1865 and 1895.
Source:
Ida B. Wells-Barnett (1895/1969): On Lynching. Southern Horrors – A Red Record – Mob Rule in New Orleans, New York: Arno Press, p. 8.
Context:
After the American Civil War (1861-1865) and the liberation of enslaved people, the number of lynchings rose rapidly. The victims were almost always Black men who were hanged from trees. Lynchings were carried out by white mobs to spread terror. For example, up to 300 Black Americans were murdered in Tulsa, Oklahoma in 1921, with the massacre not becoming part of the school curriculum until 2020. In addition, the Jim Crow laws, which enforced segregation, were introduced in southern states, and these remained in effect until the 1960s. The singer Billie Holiday protested against the lynchings by singing the song “Strange Fruit” in 1939: “Black bodies swinging in the southern breeze / Strange fruit hanging from the poplar trees.”
Further Reading:
*Audrey Lorde (1984): Sister Outsider. Essays and Speeches. Trumansburg: Crossing Press
*Toni Morrison (2000): Sehr blaue Augen. Reinbeck: Rowohlt.
*Billy Holiday (1939): Strange Fruit. Text von Abel Meeropol
OK
Searching, I discovered something I didn’t expect. Something decades of determined assimilation could not blind me to. In this great gay mecca, I was an invisible man. I had no shadow, no substance, no place, no history, no reflection. I was an alien unseen, and seen unwanted. Here as in Hephzibah, I was a n***, still.
Correct!
Searching, I discovered something I didn’t expect. Something decades of determined assimilation could not blind me to. In this great gay mecca, I was an invisible man. I had no shadow, no substance, no place, no history, no reflection. I was an alien unseen, and seen unwanted. Here as in Hephzibah, I was a n***, still.
Year:
Author Bio:
Marlon Riggs (1957-1994) was a US-American filmmaker, poet, and gay rights activist.
Source:
Quoted from Marlon Rigg’s Tongues Untied in: José Esteban Muñoz (1999): Disidentifications. Queers of Color and the Performance of Politics. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, p. 9.
Context:
In this quote, Riggs was talking about how different structures such as racism and sexuality influence each other. This is referred to as intersectionality. Thinking about discrimination in an intersectional way does justice to a complex reality in which everyone always feels that they belong or are assigned by society to various categories (age, gender, sexual identity, disability, legal status, educational qualifications, and many more). For example, Audre Lorde wrote that she was Black within the lesbian community and lesbian within the Black community. Lorde wrote that there was no hierarchy of oppressions, for which reason one must always recognise and consider oppression in its diverse forms.
Further Reading:
*Marlon Riggs (1994): Black is … Black ain‘t. Dokumentarfilm. 87 min.
*Marlon Riggs (1989): Tongues untied. Dokumentarfilm. 55 min.
*Audre Lorde (2009): I Am Your Sister: Collected and Unpublished Writings of Audre Lorde. Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press.
OK
you see / me behind / your pocket camera / memories from east Africa / and what you have read / about it / ready to dump it on me // (…) / the last vacation / you / spent there / and you want / to see / me / dancing / so that the pictures become / tangible again // I look at you / and into the distance / into the past / back and forth / looking / for a reason / to call you / SISTER /
Correct!
you see / me behind / your pocket camera / memories from east Africa / and what you have read / about it / ready to dump it on me // (…) / the last vacation / you / spent there / and you want / to see / me / dancing / so that the pictures become / tangible again // I look at you / and into the distance / into the past / back and forth / looking / for a reason / to call you / SISTER /
Year:
Author Bio:
May Ayim (1960-1996) was an Afro-German poet, activist, educator, speech therapist.
Source:
May Ayim 2003: 30
Context:
Ayim was speaking of the challenges presented by alliances between Black and white feminists. For Gayatri Spivak, too, the concept of a “global” sisterhood called for by the women’s movement in the Global North is often nothing more than a paternalistic gesture towards “poor” sisters in the “Third World”. She has on repeated occasions reminded feminist movements in the North that the struggles of women in the South have a different material basis than those fought by women of the “First World”. The widespread practice of romanticising, victimising or portraying women in the South in a paternalistic manner is symptomatic of colonial benevolence. Nonetheless, bell hooks points out that “Solidarity does not necessarily have to be based on shared experience. It can be based on the political and ethical understanding of racism and the rejection of dominance” (hooks 1994: 23)
Further Reading:
*May Ayim (2003): Blues in Black-White. Asmara: Africa Word Press
*Gayatri Spivak (1988): In: Cary Nelson & Lawrence Grossberg (Hrsg.): Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, p. 66f.
*bell hooks (1986): Sisterhood: Political Solidarity between Women.
* bell hooks (1994): Black Looks. Deutsche Ausgabe, p. 23 f.
OK
I cannot imagine submitting. I would rather die. But can I ask people to sacrifice themselves? Because these wild animals have already destroyed larger empires.
Correct!
I cannot imagine submitting. I would rather die. But can I ask people to sacrifice themselves? Because these wild animals have already destroyed larger empires.
Year:
Author Bio:
The sentence is ascribed to Sarrouina Mangou, who was queen of Niger at the end of the 19th century and is said to have fought against French colonial troops. The year is approximate.
Source:
Moustapha M. Diallo (2014, in German): Visionäre Afrikas. Wuppertal: Peter Hammer, p. 64.
Context:
“Sarraounia” means “queen” or “boss” in the Hausa language. During various anti-colonial struggles in Niger, this title was used mainly for female leaders. Most history books ignore queens, priestesses and female leaders, which furthers the lack of knowledge about non-white women and struggles.
Further Reading:
*Abdoulaye Mamani (1980): Sarraounia. Movie.
*Stanley B. Alpern (2011): Amazons of Black Sparta. The Women Warriors of Dahomey. New York: New York University Press.
OK
The emancipation of women is not an act of charity, the result of a humanitarian or compassionate attitude. The liberation of women is a fundamental necessity for the revolution, the guarantee of its continuity and the precondition for its victory. The main objective of the revolution is to destroy the system of exploitation and build a new society which releases the potentialities of human beings, reconciling them with labour and with nature.
Correct!
The emancipation of women is not an act of charity, the result of a humanitarian or compassionate attitude. The liberation of women is a fundamental necessity for the revolution, the guarantee of its continuity and the precondition for its victory. The main objective of the revolution is to destroy the system of exploitation and build a new society which releases the potentialities of human beings, reconciling them with labour and with nature.
Year:
Author Bio:
Samora Machel (1933-1986) was the first president of Mozambique after its independence in 1975. He died in a plane crash. The causes of the accident are unclear.
Source:
Stephanie Urdang (1989): And still they Dance: Women, War and the Struggle for Change in Mozambique. New York: Monthly Review Press, p. 96.
Context:
In many liberated countries, the post-decolonisation period inaugurated a time of transformation, during which political, cultural and economic utopias were articulated and put into practice. Feminism was often of great importance within decolonial struggles, enabling a joint fight against colonial supremacy which cut across gender boundaries. But even if women played a leading role during upheavals and revolutions (Mugo 2010), in subsequent phases, patriarchal role models were again invoked (Linhard 2005). The picture was taken at Machels funeral.
Further Reading:
*Micere Mugo (2010): Die Rolle der Frauen in afrikanischen Befreiungsbewegungen – Ein illustratives Beispiel aus Kenia. In: Africavenir (Hrsg.): 50 Jahre afrikanische Un-Abhängigkeiten – Eine (selbst)kritische Bilanz, S. 48-55.
*Tabea Alexa Linhard (2005): Fearless Women in the Mexican Revolution and Spanish Civil War. Columbia: University of Missouri Press.
*Le Monde Diplomatique (Augusta Conchiglia, 11/2017): The mysterious death of Samora Machel.
OK
In the neighbouring village, they invited twenty women from the mothers’ club to donate food and then told them they wanted to vaccinate them. In reality, this was an anaesthetic, after which they were sterilised.
Correct!
In the neighbouring village, they invited twenty women from the mothers’ club to donate food and then told them they wanted to vaccinate them. In reality, this was an anaesthetic, after which they were sterilised.
Year:
Author Bio:
Anonymous interviewee, Andean highlands of Peru, interview by Susanne Schultz.
Source:
Schultz, Susanne (2006, in German): Hegemonie, Gouvernementalität, Biomacht. Reproduktive Risiken und die Transformation internationaler Bevölkerungspolitik. Münster: Westfälisches Dampfboot, p. 11.
Context:
Between 1995 and 1998, under the Fujimori government in Peru (1990-2000), around 300,000 women and men were sterilised, especially in poor districts and among the indigenous population. While many women initially used the programme as a means of voluntary sterilisation, it gradually became a coercive measure. International population control programmes have long deployed and continue to deploy various means to try to achieve maximum demographic impact. For example, by sterilising as many women as possible or by inducing them to use contraceptive methods (preferably long-term), be it through “incentives”, i.e. gifts via quotas in the health system or, as shown in this quote, through direct coercion and deception.
Further Reading:
OK
Long before they joined the “official” liberation struggle, African women were part of an ongoing history of resistance to colonialism. (…) opposition movements against colonialism. Not only did they actively participate in protests, but in many cases, they took on leadership roles in organising protests, strikes, demonstrations, work refusal campaigns, civil disobedience and other forms of resistance throughout the history of their countries.
Correct!
Long before they joined the “official” liberation struggle, African women were part of an ongoing history of resistance to colonialism. (…) opposition movements against colonialism. Not only did they actively participate in protests, but in many cases, they took on leadership roles in organising protests, strikes, demonstrations, work refusal campaigns, civil disobedience and other forms of resistance throughout the history of their countries.
Year:
Author Bio:
Micere Mugo (born 1942) is a Kenyan author, poet and activist. She had to leave Kenya in 1982 because of her political activism.
Source:
Micere Mugo (2010, in German): Die Rolle der Frauen in afrikanischen Befreiungsbewegungen – Ein illustratives Beispiel aus Kenia. In: Africavenir (Hrsg.): 50 Jahre afrikanische Un-Abhängigkeiten – Eine (selbst)kritische Bilanz, p.48-55.
Context:
Women have played an important role in resistance movements: in Europe (see Federici 2009 for a historical overview), in Latin America (see Linhard 2005 on the Mexican revolution) and in Asia (rjb & ir 2008: 100f). In West Africa, the combative Dahomey fought in the 18th and 19th centuries, as described by Stanley Alpern in his book “Amazons of Black Sparta” (2011). There are also testimonies of female fighters in the Mau Mau war against German colonial rulers (Mugo 2004), as well as in the independence movements of the second half of the 20th century (on Zimbabwe, see Sinclair, 1996).
Further Reading:
*Micere Githae Mugo (2004): Muthoni Wa Kirima: Mau Mau woman field marshal: interrogation of silencing, erasure, and manipulation of female combatants’ texts. Harare: Sapes Books.
*Stanley B. Alpern (2011): Amazons of Black Sparta: The Women Warriors of Dahomey. New York: New York University Press.
*Silvia Federici (2009): Caliban and the Witch. Women, the Body and Primitive Accumulation. New York: Autonomedia.
*Ingrid Sinclair (1996): Flame. (Documentary on female Guerillas in liberation struggle in Zimbabwe).
*Rheinisches JournalistInnenbüro & recherche international e.V (2008, in German): Die dritte Welt im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Unterrichtsmaterialien zu einem vergessenen Kapitel der Geschichte.
*Tabea Alexa Linhard (2005): Fearless Women in the Mexican Revolution and Spanish Civil War. Columbia: University of Missouri Press.
OK
Toys for boys are mostly active, and involve some sort of “doing” – trains, cars – and toys for girls are mostly ‘passive’ and are overwhelmingly dolls. I was struck by how early our culture starts to form the ideas of what a boy should be and what a girl should be.
Correct!
Toys for boys are mostly active, and involve some sort of “doing” – trains, cars – and toys for girls are mostly ‘passive’ and are overwhelmingly dolls. I was struck by how early our culture starts to form the ideas of what a boy should be and what a girl should be.
Year:
Author Bio:
Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie (born 1977) is a Nigerian-US-American writer.
Source:
Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie (2017): Dear Ijeawele, or a Feminist Manifesto in Fifteen Suggestions.
Context:
People are divided into two genders as early as infancy. It is not only parents who shape gender-specific upbringings, but also capitalist economic production, which is divided into products for “boys” and “girls” through what is termed “gender marketing”. These are designed and marketed in such a way that children learn how they “have to” be at an early age. This sales strategy primarily serves the company because it generates more sales: a girl needs a pink bicycle with a princess, while her brother will definitely want a blue two-wheeler with a picture of a pirate. Uta Brandes from the University of Cologne researches this issue and says: “Take Lego. It used to be a neutral toy, back when there were only colourful blocks. Today there is the pink Lego Friends series for girls ”(Emma, 11/06/2008).
Further Reading:
*Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie (2017): Dear Ijeawele or a Feminist Manifesto in Fifteen Suggestions. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
*The Guardian (11.10.2021): “Lego to remove gender bias from its toys after findings of child survey.”
OK
Let the woman learn in silence, with all subjection. But I suffer not a woman to teach, nor to use authority over the man: but to be in silence. For Adam was first formed; then Eve.
Correct!
Let the woman learn in silence, with all subjection. But I suffer not a woman to teach, nor to use authority over the man: but to be in silence. For Adam was first formed; then Eve.
Year:
Author Bio:
The apostle Paul or Paul of Tarsus (10 BC – 60 AD), who was a missionary, in his letter to Timothy (1.11 – 14) from the New Testament. There are doubts, however, as to whether Paul was actually the author, or whether it was a later imitator who passed himself off as Paul. The New Testament, which begins with the birth of Jesus, is the part of the Bible that distinguishes Christianity from Judaism.
Source:
Roberta Magnani (2017): “Powerful Men have Tried to Silence Abused Women since Medieval Times.” In: The Independent, 02.11.2017. The quote is apparently from between 48 and 61 AD.
Context:
The idea of Eve as seductress illuminates a deep-seated tradition in which women are viewed as scapegoats for various evils. In biting the apple, she banishes humankind from paradise. This tradition is widespread in all three monotheistic religions (Judaism, Christianity, Islam) as well as in other world religions (Stover and Hope 1984). Some have argued, however, that the three religions initially aimed at liberating the oppressed, but as they got established and accumulated power, these liberating impulses were eradicated (Swidler, 1974: 168). The disciplining of women played an important role in Christian colonial missionary work. This was because missions aimed to plant Western ideas of civilization, virtue and morality in the thinking of colonised countries.
Further Reading:
*Roberta Magnani (2017): Powerful men have tried to silence abused women since Medieval times.
*Ronald G. Stover & Christine A. Hope (1984): Monotheism and Gender Status: A Cross-Societal Study. In: Social Forces
Vol. 63, No. 2, S. 335-348.
*Leonard Swidler (1974): Is Sexism a Sign of Decadence in Religion? In Judith Plaskov & Joan A. Romero: Women and Religion. Scholar Press.
OK
That man over there says that women need to be helped into carriages, and lifted over ditches, and to have the best place everywhere. Nobody ever helps me into carriages, or over mud-puddles, or gives me any best place! And ain’t I a woman? Look at me! Look at my arm! I have ploughed and planted …
Correct!
That man over there says that women need to be helped into carriages, and lifted over ditches, and to have the best place everywhere. Nobody ever helps me into carriages, or over mud-puddles, or gives me any best place! And ain’t I a woman? Look at me! Look at my arm! I have ploughed and planted …
Year:
Author Bio:
The quote comes from the address “Ain‘t I a woman” by Sojourner Truth (approx. 1797-1883). Born into slavery, as a free woman she was an important abolitionist and women’s rights activist.
Source:
Speech Ain’t I a Woman. Wikipedia.
Context:
The suffragette movement was a movement for women’s suffrage, especially in the English-speaking world. It was made up mainly of white women from the bourgeoisie, although the well-known Black abolitionist Frederick Douglass also spoke at their events. Black men could vote in the 1860s and 70s, and there were Black congressmen at the time (The Daily Show, 30.07.2020). Many of the suffragettes focused on a combination of anti-racist and anti-sexist concerns. However, in her 1851 address, the Black suffragette Sojourner Truth criticised the white women’s movement for betraying the concerns of Black women. Truth pointed out intersectionality, the interrelations between different systems of oppression, e.g. race and gender. As late as 1913, Black women were expected to walk at the back of suffrage demonstrations. Black investigative journalist Ida Wells refused to attend them (New York Times, 28.07.2018).
Further Reading:
*The Daily Show (Trevor Noah 2020): Unsung Black Heroines.
*The New York Times (Brent Staples, 28.07.2018): How the Suffrage Movement Betrayed Black Women.
OK
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2011