Authority 13

The mineral wealth beneath the soil, the banks and monopoly industry shall be transferred to the ownership of the people as a whole; (…) The Land Shall Be Shared Among Those Who Work It!
Men and women of all races shall receive equal pay for equal work; There shall be a forty-hour working week (…) Education shall be free, compulsory, universal and equal for all children;

ANC (1955): The Freedom Charter.

Freedom charter created by the African National Congress (ANC), through a process in which 50,000 volunteers in the townships collected important freedom demands of the people. The demands written on individual pieces of paper were then summarised and ratified in 1955 at a congress which 3000 delegates attended.

In South Africa, the white minority ruled over the Black majority during the apartheid regime from the beginning of the 20th century (especially after 1948) until 1994. Former ANC resistance fighter Nelson Mandela became the country’s first Black president in 1994. Within apartheid, a distinction was made between White, Coloured, Asian or Indian and Native, each of which had different rights. The ANC was founded as early as 1912, and with the "Defiance Campaign" against the laws of the apartheid regime from 1952-1954, it became a mass organisation of resistance.

*Naomi Klein (2007): The Shock Doctrine. The Rise of Disaster Capitalism. Toronto: Knopf Canada.

1955