Prussian Law on the Punishment of Vagrants (Prussia was a former German state).
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Anyone who moves about without work or a job, without being able to prove that he has the means to support himself or is looking for an opportunity to do so, must be imprisoned for at least six weeks or made to do forced labour for up to six months. After the punishment is over, foreigners are to be expelled from the country and nationals to be taken to a corrections facility.
Correct!
Anyone who moves about without work or a job, without being able to prove that he has the means to support himself or is looking for an opportunity to do so, must be imprisoned for at least six weeks or made to do forced labour for up to six months. After the punishment is over, foreigners are to be expelled from the country and nationals to be taken to a corrections facility.
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Author Bio:
Source:
Quote: Law on the Punishment of Vagrants, Beggars and the Work-shy. From January 6, 1843. In: Law Collection for the Royal Prussian States 1843. Berlin: Law Collection Office, p. 19.
Picture: Wikimedia
Context:
The Prussian Law on the Punishment of Vagrants, Beggars and the Work Shy legalised the imprisonment of homeless people in work houses. The peak of discrimination against those without recognised jobs or homes was reached during the Nazi era. In 1933, the persecution, detention and murder of so-called ‘work shy’ and ‘anti-social’ people began.
Further Reading:
*Peter Linebaugh & Marcus Rediker (2000): The Many-headed Hydra. New York: Verso. Chapter 2.
OK
I had to give up my habitualiation and I was forced to leave the hospital because my contract ended and they didn’t want to renew it. I was not employed at any other hospital.
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I had to give up my habitualiation and I was forced to leave the hospital because my contract ended and they didn’t want to renew it. I was not employed at any other hospital.
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Author Bio:
Egypt, Mohammed Helmy, 1937
Source:
Statement protocol, BpB “Mohammed & Anna”, 1937.
Context:
Mohamed Helmy, also Mod Helmy, was an Egyptian-German doctor who made it possible for several Jews and other persecuted people to survive in hiding in Berlin at the time of National Socialism. In 2013 he was named Righteous Among the Nations by Yad Vashem, as the only Egyptian among around 70 Muslims to date.
Further Reading:
Igal Avidan – Mod Helmy
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If this [economic] shock approach were adopted, I believe that it should be announced publicly in great detail, to take effect at a very close date. The more fully the public is informed, the more will its reactions facilitate the adjustment.
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If this [economic] shock approach were adopted, I believe that it should be announced publicly in great detail, to take effect at a very close date. The more fully the public is informed, the more will its reactions facilitate the adjustment.
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Author Bio:
Milton Friedman (1912-2006) was a Chicago School economist, advocate of neoliberalism, and winner of the 1976 Nobel Prize for Economics. The quote comes from a letter Friedman wrote to Chilean dictator Pinochet.
Source:
Naomi Klein (2007: 75)
Context:
Milton Friedman believed that societies had to be radically changed: economic forces should be allowed to rule freely without any state interference. This concept of freedom has become known in history as neoliberalism. Friedman’s main work is called Capitalism and Freedom (1962). However, this freedom primarily means economic freedom, often at the expense of people and nature (see Klein 2010: 85, German edition). Politicians, he argued, should use shock strategies to bring about change towards neoliberal capitalism. According to him, crisis situations such as natural disasters should be exploited for this purpose: it was when societies were in a state of shock as a result of a catastrophe, that economic changes could best be implemented. This was because in such exceptional situations, people would be too overwhelmed to resist “reforms” such as the privatisation of education, health and social security. Friedman and his Chicago Boys (Economists trained at the University of Chicago) experimented with their theories, especially in dictatorships such as Chile under General Pinochet.
Further Reading:
Naomi Klein (2007): The Shock Doctrine. The Rise of Disaster Capitalism. Toronto: Knopf Canada.
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Yes, my sin — my greater sin and even my greatest sin is that I nationalised Iran’s oil industry and discarded the system of political and economic exploitation by the world’s greatest empire. This at a cost to myself, my family; and at the risk of losing my life, my honour and my property. With God’s blessing and the will of the people, I fought this savage and dreadful system of international espionage and colonialism.
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Yes, my sin — my greater sin and even my greatest sin is that I nationalised Iran’s oil industry and discarded the system of political and economic exploitation by the world’s greatest empire. This at a cost to myself, my family; and at the risk of losing my life, my honour and my property. With God’s blessing and the will of the people, I fought this savage and dreadful system of international espionage and colonialism.
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Mohammad Mossadegh (1882-1967) was an Iranian lawyer, politician and the first prime minister of independent Iran. The quote is from his speech in court in 1953, in which he defended himself against charges of high treason.
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Context:
As part of a wave of anti-colonial movements, Mohammad Mossadegh became Iran’s first democratically elected prime minister in 1951. In the same year, he was voted Man of the Year by the US Time Magazine for making the nationalisation of British-controlled oil production his first official act. However, in 1952 Dwight D. Eisenhower came to power in the USA, and he promoted a strongly anti-communist course and condemned any form of nationalisation. The CIA had previously noted that the situation in Iran could only be “saved” with a “new prime minister” (File Foreign Relations of the United States 1951: 87). From 1953 onwards, the CIA incited the ruling elite in Iran against Mossadegh and bribed the population with money, as corroborated by documents published in 2017 (Deutsche Welle 2017). In Latin America (e.g. Chile 1973, Allende vs. Pinochet), Africa (e.g. 1961 in Congo, Lumumba vs. Mobuto) and Asia (e.g. 1967 in Indonesia, Sukarno vs. Suharto), governments also emerged from socialist or anti-colonial movements and were overthrown and replaced by dictatorships.
Further Reading:
*Deutsche Welle (2017): 1953: Irans gestohlene Demokratie.
*Foreign Relations of the United States (1951-1954).
*Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung (2013): Zwischen Kolonialismus und Nationenbildung.
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One must not forget that anti-Semitism is particularly strongly represented in Muslim cultures.
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One must not forget that anti-Semitism is particularly strongly represented in Muslim cultures.
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Philipp Amthor (born 1992) has been a member of the German Bundestag for the CDU since 2017.
Source:
NTV Interview January 27, 2019
Context:
In 2021, a photo appeared with Amthor and two self-confessed neo-Nazis at a horse festival. The men in the photo wore solidarity shirts for the Holocaust denier Ursula Haverbeck. Amthor later stated that the photo was not taken if he had noticed the expression of solidarity between the two.
Further Reading:
OK
The idea of a good and normalized Germany is opposed to a reality in which people still have to fear that the police will pass on their addresses to Nazis, that weapons are hoarded and that explosives will simply disappear from the stocks of the Bundeswehr. And the anticipation of gratitude for the (not only) Jewish reconciliation obscures the fact that the German history of violence is not over because one side wants it to be. But that it continues to create life-threatening realities in new formations and perpetuate injustice. In the face of this situation, the equation of memory and reconciliation must be called for what it is: an expression of the needs of a section of this society which is ashamed of its actions and wishes this unpleasant story to be resolved very soon. The hope contained therein for normalization from the national anthem to home is part of this wishful thinking. That may be understandable, it may also be politically opportune – but it does not apply to all people who live in this country. And who are heartbroken about what has been done to them and their families. And it will stay that way.
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The idea of a good and normalized Germany is opposed to a reality in which people still have to fear that the police will pass on their addresses to Nazis, that weapons are hoarded and that explosives will simply disappear from the stocks of the Bundeswehr. And the anticipation of gratitude for the (not only) Jewish reconciliation obscures the fact that the German history of violence is not over because one side wants it to be. But that it continues to create life-threatening realities in new formations and perpetuate injustice. In the face of this situation, the equation of memory and reconciliation must be called for what it is: an expression of the needs of a section of this society which is ashamed of its actions and wishes this unpleasant story to be resolved very soon. The hope contained therein for normalization from the national anthem to home is part of this wishful thinking. That may be understandable, it may also be politically opportune – but it does not apply to all people who live in this country. And who are heartbroken about what has been done to them and their families. And it will stay that way.
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Author Bio:
Germany, Max Czollek, 2021
Max Czollek is a freelance Jewish author and poet born in East Berlin.
Source:
Federal Agency for Civic Education, 2021.
Context:
He did his doctorate at the Center for Research on Antisemitism in Berlin. His best-known works include “Desintegriet dich” (2018) and “Gegenwartsbewältigung (2020).
Further Reading:
https://www.bing.com/videos/search?view=detail&mid=A8EEC67324B8DCF8D0E3A8EEC67324B8DCF8D0E3&q=max czollek friday night jews&shtp=GetUrl&shid=178d3300-a806-4a0b-9190-bc0d58156cd6&shtk=4oCcSWNoIGJpbiBlaW4gc2NobGVjaHRlciBKdWRl4oCdIC0gTWF4IEN6b2xsZWsgenUgR2FzdCBiZWkgRnJlaXRhZ25hY2h0IEpld3MgfCBXRFI%3D&shdk=RGFuaWVsIERvbnNrb3kgaGF0IGdla29jaHQgdW5kIGJpdHRldCBhbSBTY2hhYmJhdC1BYmVuZCB6dSBEaW5uZXIgdW5kIERpc2t1cnM6IGhldXRlIHNlaW5lbiBhbHRlbiBTY2h1bGZyZXVuZCBNYXggQ3pvbGxlayAtIFB1YmxpemlzdCwgT3N0YmVybGluZXIsIEp1ZGUsIHNvIGJlc2NocmVpYnQgQ3pvbGxlayBzaWNoIHNlbGJzdC4gQXVmIGRlbiBUaXNjaCBrb21tZW4ga2FsdGUgQm9yc2NodCAoUm90ZS1CZXRlLVN1cHBlKSB1bmQgZ3LDvG5lciBQZmVmZmkuIFVuZCB2aWVsZSBGcmFnZW4genVtIErDvGRpc2Noc2VpbiB1bmQgenVyIGVpZ2VuZW4gSWRlbnRpdMOkdC4gRGVyIFNjaGF1c3BpZWxlciB1bmQgLi4u&shhk=bDsUB8c0TMIl7v01dxPmh7o5w1%2F%2FdTsoGLMUOvpvmg8%3D&form=VDSHOT&shth=OVP.slGDJpcKfyiVe8NSPrB0pgHgFo
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This blue-eyed hag was hither brought with child and here was left by th’ sailors. Thou, my slave, as thou report’st thyself, wast then her servant. And, for thou wast a spirit too delicate to act her earthy and abhorred commands, refusing her grand hests, she did confine thee, by help of her more potent ministers and in her most unmitigable rage, into a cloven pine, within which rift imprisoned thou didst painfully remain a dozen years; within which space she died and left thee there, where thou didst vent thy groans as fast as mill wheels strike.
Correct!
This blue-eyed hag was hither brought with child and here was left by th’ sailors. Thou, my slave, as thou report’st thyself, wast then her servant. And, for thou wast a spirit too delicate to act her earthy and abhorred commands, refusing her grand hests, she did confine thee, by help of her more potent ministers and in her most unmitigable rage, into a cloven pine, within which rift imprisoned thou didst painfully remain a dozen years; within which space she died and left thee there, where thou didst vent thy groans as fast as mill wheels strike.
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William Shakespeare (1564-1616) was an English playwright.
Source:
William Shakespeare (1611): The Tempest.
Context:
In Shakespeare’s play The Tempest, Caliban, an indigenous man from a fictional island and son of the witch Sycorax who is referred to in the quote, organises an uprising against the Europeans of the island together with two European workers. The uprising fails. Black poet Aimé Césaire wrote the play A Tempest in 1969 in order to confront Western ideologies. The quote represents the European spirit of the 16th and 17th centuries. During this period especially, femininity was portrayed as depraved and dangerous. This was in part because women played a major role in the movements of heretics, which questioned the authority and power of the church and thus represented a threat to order in that period. One of the defining features of this campaign of vilification was the burning of witches. Between 1550 and 1650, a particularly large number of women in Europe were burned as witches (Federici 2009: 229).
Further Reading:
*Silvia Federici (2014): Caliban und die Hexe. Frauen, der Körper und die ursprüngliche Akkumulation. Wien: Mandelbaum.
*Aimé Césaire (1969): A Tempest. New York: Ubu Repertory Theater Publications.
* Sarah Richt (2019): A Tempest by Aimé Césaire: Curriculum Guide for Postcolonial Educators.
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Cesare Borgia was considered cruel; notwithstanding, his cruelty reconciled the Romagna, unified it, and restored it to peace and loyalty (…) Upon this a question arises: whether it be better to be loved than feared or feared than loved? It may be answered that one should wish to be both, but, because it is difficult to unite them in one person, is much safer to be feared than loved, when, of the two, either must be dispensed with.
Correct!
Cesare Borgia was considered cruel; notwithstanding, his cruelty reconciled the Romagna, unified it, and restored it to peace and loyalty (…) Upon this a question arises: whether it be better to be loved than feared or feared than loved? It may be answered that one should wish to be both, but, because it is difficult to unite them in one person, is much safer to be feared than loved, when, of the two, either must be dispensed with.
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Niccolò Machiavelli (1469-1527) was a philosopher and politician from Florence. In this piece of writing, he advocated for authoritarian power politics.
Source:
Niccolò Machiavelli (2016, Original 1513): The Prince, Chapter XVII. Ontario: Devolted Publishing, p. 40
Context:
Machiavelli had a strong influence on state philosophy and still represents an authoritarian and ruthless idea of rule. This was based on his image of man: “Because this is to be asserted in general of men, that they are ungrateful, fickle, false, cowardly, covetous, and as long as you succeed they are yours entirely; they will offer you their blood, property, life and children, as is said above, when the need is far distant; but when it approaches they turn against you.” (ibid.) Even during his lifetime, Machiavelli was strongly criticised for his authoritarian ideas on state leadership, for example by the English cardinal Reginald Pole (1500-1558). Nevertheless, centuries later, this power politics was still a model for colonisers and warring parties; an example are the retaliatory measures taken by the National Socialists against resistance fighters during World War II.
Further Reading:
The Guardian (Erica Brenner), 03.03.2017: Have we got Machiavelli all wrong?
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If the judge has to individualise everywhere else, i.e. first investigate and get to know the peculiarities of the subject to be treated and then determine the course to pursue, the initiate can generalise on the nature of XXX without any danger.
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If the judge has to individualise everywhere else, i.e. first investigate and get to know the peculiarities of the subject to be treated and then determine the course to pursue, the initiate can generalise on the nature of XXX without any danger.
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Author Bio:
From a text by the Princely Reuss-Plauenscher Criminal Counselor and head of the Princely Criminal Court in Lobenstein in Thuringia in the 19th century.
Source:
Klaus Michael Bogdal (2011): Europa erfindet die Zigeuner. Bonn: bpb, p. 279.
Context:
The first documented mentions of Sint*ezza and Romn*ja in today’s Germany are from the beginning of the 15th century. The ancestors of the Sint*ezza and Romn*ja who live in Europe today migrated from what are now India and Pakistan. Very soon after their arrival, the initial tolerance gave way to discriminatory practices and racist language. From early on, white Germans were given license to equate all Sint*ezza and Romn*ja as criminals, so that, for example, no evidence was required when Sint*ezza and Romn*ja were accused of a crime; they were treated as criminals by definition. Although they continue to be marginalised to this day, the Sint*ezza and Romn*ja have always been an integral part of social life, notwithstanding Nazi propaganda and until Chancellor Adolf Hitler came to power. Despite widespread resistance to their deportation, and within the death camps themselves, an estimated 500,000 Sint*ezza and Romn*ja fell victim to the Germans in the Porajmos, the genocide.
Further Reading:
*Ian Hancock (1987): The Pariah Syndrome. An Account of Gypsy Slavery and Persecution.
*Romani Phen: Romnja Archiv.
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Whereas our ancestors (not of choice) were the first successful cultivators of the wilds of America, we their descendants feel ourselves entitled to participate in the blessings of her luxuriant soil… We will never separate ourselves voluntarily from the slave population of this country; they are our brethren by the ties of consanguinity, of suffering and of wrong.
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Whereas our ancestors (not of choice) were the first successful cultivators of the wilds of America, we their descendants feel ourselves entitled to participate in the blessings of her luxuriant soil… We will never separate ourselves voluntarily from the slave population of this country; they are our brethren by the ties of consanguinity, of suffering and of wrong.
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Author Bio:
Resolution of assembled free blacks, Bethel AME Church, Philadelphia, January 15, 1817
Source:
Resolution of assembled free blacks “A Voice from Philadelphia. Philadelphia, January, 1817” in William Lloyd Garrison, Thoughts on African Colonization: Or an Impartial Exhibition of the Doctrines, Principles and Purposes of the American Colonization Society (Boston, 1831).
Context:
Culture or cultivation are also used to refer to the improvement of the soil for agriculture. Uncultivated soil is considered “wild”, as in this quote which comes from a gathering of free Blacks. They opposed moving to West Africa because they wished to contribute to the cultivation of American soil. Slave owners saw free Blacks as a threat because they might inspire those still enslaved to revolt; hence they were to be shipped to the yet to be created Liberia. However some abolitionists (opponents of slavery) also supported the move to Liberia, viewing it as an opportunity for emancipation (see History Today, April 4, 2020).
Further Reading:
*History Today (Angela Thompsell, 04.04.2020): The Foundations of Liberia.
OK
The violation of human rights, the system of institutionalised brutality, the drastic control and suppression of every form of meaningful dissent is discussed (and often condemned) as a phenomenon only indirectly linked, or indeed entirely unrelated, to the classical unrestrained “free market” policies that have been enforced by the military junta, (…) this particularly convenient concept of a social system, in which “economic freedom” and political terror coexist without touching each other, allows these financial spokesmen to support their concept of “freedom” while exercising their verbal muscles in defence of human rights.
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The violation of human rights, the system of institutionalised brutality, the drastic control and suppression of every form of meaningful dissent is discussed (and often condemned) as a phenomenon only indirectly linked, or indeed entirely unrelated, to the classical unrestrained “free market” policies that have been enforced by the military junta, (…) this particularly convenient concept of a social system, in which “economic freedom” and political terror coexist without touching each other, allows these financial spokesmen to support their concept of “freedom” while exercising their verbal muscles in defence of human rights.
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Author Bio:
Orlando Letelier (1932-1976) was Chile’s ambassador to the US under President Salvador Allende. He was assassinated by a car bomb ordered by General Pinochet in 1976.
Source:
Naomi Klein (2007: 99)
Context:
In the 1970s, many socialist governments in Latin America (e.g. Chile), Asia (e.g. Indonesia) and Africa (e.g. Congo) were overthrown with the support of Western secret services and replaced by dictatorships. In this way, it was made perfectly clear that if a country dared to take an alternative third way, it would have to pay for it with state terror (cf. Klein 2010: 159, German edition). For many, the dictatorship in Chile was a laboratory for neoliberalism. For Letelier, neoliberal economist Milton Friedman was partly responsible for dictator Pinochet’s crimes. Western companies benefited directly from Pinochet’s military regime: Ford had internment camps for rebellious workers on its factory premises (cf. Klein 2010: 155). Claudia Acuña, a journalist who experienced the dictatorship in neighbouring Argentina, stresses how difficult it was to see that violence was only a means and not the end: the aim was to impose a new economic order. In this, they succeeded: ‘We were able to destroy the secret torture centres, but not the economic system that the military had started’ (quoted in Klein 2010: 178).
Further Reading:
*Orlando Letelier (1976): “The Chicago Boys in Chile: Economic Freedom’s Awful Toll.” In: The Nation 223, Nr. 28, p. 137-142.
*Naomi Klein (2007): The Shock Doctrine. The Rise of Disaster Capitalism. Toronto: Knopf Canada.
OK
The greatest difficulty with our boys is to overcome their innate aversion to work. You have to know that they are the children of born beggars.
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The greatest difficulty with our boys is to overcome their innate aversion to work. You have to know that they are the children of born beggars.
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Author Bio:
Anonymous priest who evangelised among the Lakota Sioux in North America about his pupils.
Source:
Quote: Jasmin Lörchner (23.11.2016): Wie die Sioux katholisch wurden. In: Spiegel Online. The year (1900) is an approximation.
Picture: Wikimedia
Context:
Lakota spirituality was fundamentally different from Christianity. They believed that they only thrived thanks to nature’s benevolence and did not consider humans to be the pinnacle of creation. Sitting Bull and many others protested against the confinement of the Sioux (to which the Lakota belong) in reservations, and against living conditions in them. The Sioux also rejected attempts to forcibly assimilate them, as well as Christianity – missionary work was brutal and involved in the colonial subjugation and exploitation of Native Americans.
Further Reading:
*MariJo Moore (2003): Genocide of the Mind. New Native American Writing. New York: Nation Books.
OK
Immediately after my arrival in India, on the first island I discovered, I forcibly seized some of its inhabitants so that they would learn and inform me about what existed in these regions. And so they soon understood us, and we them, through language or signs, and they were very useful. I still have them with me and they are sure that I came from heaven.
Correct!
Immediately after my arrival in India, on the first island I discovered, I forcibly seized some of its inhabitants so that they would learn and inform me about what existed in these regions. And so they soon understood us, and we them, through language or signs, and they were very useful. I still have them with me and they are sure that I came from heaven.
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Author Bio:
Christopher Columbus (ca. 1451-1506) was an Italian navigator and human trafficker. The search for a sea route to India led him to the Americas. Columbus was thus instrumental in the colonization of the continent.
Source:
Andres Bernaldez (1930): The Voyages of Christopher Columbus, Being the Journals of his First and Third, and the Letters Concerning his First and Last Voyages, to Which is Added the Account of his Second Voyage. London: The Argonaut Press.
Context:
European colonial expansion is often divided into three phases: [1] Spanish and Portuguese colonialism, mainly that of the Americas from the end of the 15th century, which was based on the exploitation of resources. [2] The British, French and Dutch colonization of Asia and parts of America and South Africa from the 17th century onwards (with the support of the British East India Company and the Dutch West and East India Companies) as well as settlement colonialism in the Americas and [3] the colonial division of Africa into zones of influence of European superpowers at the end of the 19th century. Although the different phases differed, they were united by the violent subjugation of the population and the belief in white superiority, which is already evident in Columbus’ quote. Colonization was accompanied by great resistance in many areas: In South Africa, there were wars with the Xhosa from 1779 to 1879. The British conquest of India also lasted 100 years. In Algeria, it took the French 20 years to occupy the country.
Further Reading:
*Josephine Apraku (2017): Colonialism in the classroom. Webinar.
*Bernd-Stefan Grewe & Thomas Lange (2015): Colonialism. Stuttgart: Reclam.
*Al Jazeera (2019): Because Colonialism. 25min.
*Raoul Peck (2021): Exterminate All the Brutes. Trailer.
*Göran Olsson (2014): Concerning Violence. Trailer.
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I am German and I do not want to accept that our beautiful Germany, our freedom and even our humanity goes to the dogs. And she will go to the dogs if we don’t drive this gang that holds the state in its claws and torments the people to the devil. When the government locks the people up. Then the people must lock up the government.
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I am German and I do not want to accept that our beautiful Germany, our freedom and even our humanity goes to the dogs. And she will go to the dogs if we don’t drive this gang that holds the state in its claws and torments the people to the devil. When the government locks the people up. Then the people must lock up the government.
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Author Bio:
Jürgen Elsässer (born 1957) is a journalist, publicist and activist. In 2009 he founded the “popular initiative against finance capital”, one of the most powerful circles of the New Right. Since 2010 he has been editor-in-chief of Compact Magazin, one of the most important media for the New Right.
Source:
speech on April 15, 2021 in Berlin.
Context:
In 2014 and 2015 he appeared as a spokesman for the Pegida movement, in 2020 and 2021 for the lateral thinking movement. He openly represents cross-hostile, racist and sexist narratives and regularly uses conspiracy myths in his arguments.
Further Reading:
OK
And of course the approach was to say, now let’s do multiculturalism and live side by side. This approach has failed, absolutely failed!
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And of course the approach was to say, now let’s do multiculturalism and live side by side. This approach has failed, absolutely failed!
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Author Bio:
Chancellor Angela Merkel (born 1954) is a politician of the CDU and was Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany from 2005-2021. She was the first woman to hold this post.
Source:
Speech in front of the Young Members of the CDU
Context:
As chancellor, Angela Merkel made integration a top priority. “Germans with a migration background” caught the media’s attention because of reports on poverty, social inequality in schools, the labour market and so on. The right-wing conservative camp quickly spoke of self-inflicted poverty and the failure of the “multicultural” approach. Angela Merkel initially relied on state integration policy, for example, seting up the German Islam Conference and Integration Summit which has been held every year since 2006. In the same year as the quote, the former SPD politician Thilo Sarrazin published his book Germany Abolishes Itself. CSU chairman Horst Seehofer referred positively to Sarrazin’s idea of a dominant culture. In this statement, Angela Merkel was supporting Seehofer and an authoritarian integration project.
Further Reading:
The Guardian (30.08.2010): Bundesbank executive provokes race outcry with book.
OK
Because they are by nature slaves, barbarians, crude and cruel beings, they rejected the rule of the wise, powerful and noble, rather than accepting it for their own good as a principle derived from natural justice, according to which the physical body should be subjected to an expression of the soul, desire to reason, irrational animals to rational man; which is to say that the imperfect should be subjected to the perfect, the inferior to the superior.
Correct!
Because they are by nature slaves, barbarians, crude and cruel beings, they rejected the rule of the wise, powerful and noble, rather than accepting it for their own good as a principle derived from natural justice, according to which the physical body should be subjected to an expression of the soul, desire to reason, irrational animals to rational man; which is to say that the imperfect should be subjected to the perfect, the inferior to the superior.
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Author Bio:
Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda (1494-1573) was a Spanish theologian, historian and philosopher.
Source:
Pius Onyemechi Adiele (2017): The Popes, the Catholic Church and the Transatlantic Enslavement of Black Africans 1418-1839. Hildesheim/Zürich & New York: Georg Olms Verlag, p. 159
Context:
De Sepúlveda, who had never been to the Americas himself, believed that the indigenous peoples of the Americas deserved the treatment they were receiving because their way of life was blasphemous. During the Valladolid debate (1550-1551), he represented the interests of Spanish settlers and landowners. In the debate, which pitted him against the Dominican priest Bartolomé de Las Casas, the question was whether the enslavement of the indigenous peoples of America could be justified. In the first hundred years of the occupation of America, the indigenous population decreased by approximately 95% (75 million) due to murder and disease (Federici 2014: 103f.).
Further Reading:
*Tzvetan Todorov (1982): The Conquest of America: The Question of the Other. New York: Harper & Row.
*BBC (2013): Las Casas and Sepúlveda from Racism a History. Dokumentarfilm.
*Silvia Federici (2014): Caliban and the Witch. Women, the Body and Primitive Accumulation. New York: Autonomedia.
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Today’s cultures no longer correspond to the old ideas of closed and uniform national cultures. (…) Cultures are deeply intertwined and permeate each other. Ways of life no longer end at the borders of national cultures, but transcend them and can also be found in other cultures. The new entanglements are a consequence of migration processes as well as worldwide (im)material communication systems and economic interdependences.
Correct!
Today’s cultures no longer correspond to the old ideas of closed and uniform national cultures. (…) Cultures are deeply intertwined and permeate each other. Ways of life no longer end at the borders of national cultures, but transcend them and can also be found in other cultures. The new entanglements are a consequence of migration processes as well as worldwide (im)material communication systems and economic interdependences.
Year:
Author Bio:
Wolfgang Welsch (born 1946) is a German philosopher and advocate of transcultural approaches.
Source:
Institut für Auslandsbeziehungen (1995): Migration und Kultureller Wandel. Schwerpunktthema der Zeitschrift für Kulturaustausch, 45. Jg., 1. Vierteljahr.
Context:
The transcultural approach emerged from criticism of the intercultural approach and attempts to develop it further. One of its central characteristics is that it does not conceive of cultures as separate units, but rather as networked, mixed and dynamic. It also rejects the idea of cultural geographies. One of the criticisms of this approach, however, is that it does not take power relations into account.
Further Reading:
Laila Abu-Er-Rub et al. (2019): Engaging Transculturality. Concepts, Key Terms, Case Studies.
OK
I am angry with the padres, and all of those of the mission, for living here on my land, for trespassing upon the land of my forefathers and despoiling our tribal domains.
Correct!
I am angry with the padres, and all of those of the mission, for living here on my land, for trespassing upon the land of my forefathers and despoiling our tribal domains.
Year:
Author Bio:
Toypurina, 1760-1799, was a Tongva/Gabrieliño medic and leader of a rebellion against Spanish missionaries in what is now California.
Source:
Thomas Workman Temple II (1958): Toypurina the Witch and the Indian Uprising at San Gabriel,’’ Masterkey 32, no. 5: 136–52.
Context:
Toypurina led a rebellion against the San Gabriel Mission in California. The missionaries under Junipero Serra pioneered the Spanish colonisation of California. Serra was canonised in 2015. Across the Americas, indigenous peoples were stripped of their lands by European colonisers or, post-independence, by the countries’ non-indigenous elites. In Argentina, which is almost 8 times the size of Germany, the southern half of the country was independent indigenous territory until the late 19th century. From 1878-1885, the brutal military Conquista del Desierto was carried out. After the sell-off and privatisation of the land that followed, only 12,500 hectares of territory remain today (1 ha ≈ 1 football field). The largest landowner since the land privatisation campaign under neoliberal President Carlos Menem in the 1990s is the Italian fashion group Benetton. A law passed in 2011 by the Cristina Kirchner government (2007-2015) to prevent land sales to foreign companies – but not to Argentine ones – was reversed by President Mauricio Macri (2015-2019).
Further Reading:
*Suppressed Histories: The holy woman Toypurina
*Indian Country Today Media Network: Junipero Serra as Indian Killer
*Petition: Urge Pope Francis to abandon the canonization of Junipero Serra
*Eduardo Galeano (1997): Open Veins of Latin America: Five Centuries of the Pillage of a Continent. New York. Monthly Review Press.
OK
In the neighbouring village, they invited twenty women from the mothers’ club to donate food and then told them they wanted to vaccinate them. In reality, this was an anaesthetic, after which they were sterilised.
Correct!
In the neighbouring village, they invited twenty women from the mothers’ club to donate food and then told them they wanted to vaccinate them. In reality, this was an anaesthetic, after which they were sterilised.
Year:
Author Bio:
Anonymous interviewee, Andean highlands of Peru, interview by Susanne Schultz.
Source:
Schultz, Susanne (2006, in German): Hegemonie, Gouvernementalität, Biomacht. Reproduktive Risiken und die Transformation internationaler Bevölkerungspolitik. Münster: Westfälisches Dampfboot, p. 11.
Context:
Between 1995 and 1998, under the Fujimori government in Peru (1990-2000), around 300,000 women and men were sterilised, especially in poor districts and among the indigenous population. While many women initially used the programme as a means of voluntary sterilisation, it gradually became a coercive measure. International population control programmes have long deployed and continue to deploy various means to try to achieve maximum demographic impact. For example, by sterilising as many women as possible or by inducing them to use contraceptive methods (preferably long-term), be it through “incentives”, i.e. gifts via quotas in the health system or, as shown in this quote, through direct coercion and deception.
Further Reading:
OK
The Spaniards are not only intended to help alleviate the general shortage of staff: they are above all intended to relieve the many women on whom Swiss Post has had to rely for months. More than half of the 1,700 employees at the main post office – 900 to be exact – are women. Oberpostdirektor Kröpf: “Our work is often so difficult that we shouldn’t actually be harming women. Here now – mainly in the loading service at the station – the Spaniards are supposed to step in.”
Correct!
The Spaniards are not only intended to help alleviate the general shortage of staff: they are above all intended to relieve the many women on whom Swiss Post has had to rely for months. More than half of the 1,700 employees at the main post office – 900 to be exact – are women. Oberpostdirektor Kröpf: “Our work is often so difficult that we shouldn’t actually be harming women. Here now – mainly in the loading service at the station – the Spaniards are supposed to step in.”
Year:
Author Bio:
Unknown journalist from the daily newspaper Rheinische Post.
Source:
Quote: Quoted from Ceren Türkmen. Original source: Local daily newspaper: Rheinische Post from 16.11.1962. Without page reference.
Picture: pics.de
Context:
The historiography of the guest worker discourse is usually described from hegemonic sources, as in this quote from the Rheinische Post, which focuses on the poor German of male labor migrants and at the same time represents the attitude widespread in West Germany in the 1960s that German women should not actually do paid work. While there has been migrant resistance since the beginning of “guest worker recruitment”, it is only in the last two decades (e.g. with Feridun Zaimoğlu’s book “Kanak Sprak. 24 Mißtöne vom Rande der Gesellschaft” from 1995) has been recognized in the mainstream.
Further Reading:
*Ceren Türkmen (2017). The history of guest labor between migration regime, state and communal liberation. In glokal: Connecting the Dots. Learning from the history(ies) of oppression and resistance.
*Ceren Türkmen (2011): Discontinuity and coherence. Guest worker migration and the organization of the division of labour in Germany. In: Jane Angerjärv, Hella Hertzfeldt (eds.): Gender – Migration – Integration. Manuscripts 94, Berlin, pp. 51-65.
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2011