Paul Schneevogel (1460 – ca. 1517, also known as Paulus Niavis) was a philologist and school teacher.
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But not satisfied with this kindness, man enters the bowels of his mother [earth], rummaging through her womb, injuring and damaging all internal parts. In the end, he tears the whole body to pieces and completely paralyses its powers.
Correct!
But not satisfied with this kindness, man enters the bowels of his mother [earth], rummaging through her womb, injuring and damaging all internal parts. In the end, he tears the whole body to pieces and completely paralyses its powers.
Year:
1492
Author Bio:
Source:
Ulrich Grober (2010): Wem gehört die Erde.
Context:
The story Iudicium Iovis – The Judgment of Jupiter, Held in the Valley of Beauty… constitutes an early and radical green manifesto. It is about a court hearing by the ancient gods against the miner for raping and desecrating mother earth. This quote is from the speech made by Mother Earth’s advocate. Here, Schneevogel condemns the fact that people do not recognise that they are destroying their own livelihoods by destroying nature. The context in which he wrote was the exploitation of silver deposits in the German Ore Mountains in the 15th century, which produced great damage to the environment. The picture shows silver mine workers in the Freiburg Minster. The Inca in Peru left silver in the mountains, and there is a convention that the mountain itself prohibited them from exploiting it. At the beginning of the 16th century, however, Spanish colonisers began to establish silver mines and forced workers to work underground through the “mita” system (Latin Amerika Institute FU-Berlin, 2011). To this day, social movements around the world continue to fight against the exploitation of mineral resources, e.g. in Colombia against gold mining (Democracy Now, May 18, 2018).
Further Reading:
*Lateinamerika-Institut FU Berlin (2011): Die Silberminen in Potosi (Peggy Goede).
*Democracy Now (2018): Afro-Colombian Activist Francia Márquez, 2018 Goldman Prize Winner, on Stopping Illegal Gold Mining.
OK
Work never killed anybody, but through idleness people loose life and limb, because man was born to work like a bird was born to fly.
Correct!
Work never killed anybody, but through idleness people loose life and limb, because man was born to work like a bird was born to fly.
Year:
1525
Author Bio:
Martin Luther (1483-1546) was a German monk and professor of theology. He was the most important figure in the Reformation which challenged the power of the Catholic Church.
Source:
Quote: Heinz-Josef Bontrup (2009): Arbeit und Kapital. Wirtschaftspolitische Bestandsaufnahme und Alternativen. In: Johannes Rehm / Hans G. Ulrich (Hrsg.): Menschenrecht auf Arbeit? Sozialethische Perspektiven, Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, p. 164.
Picture: Wikimedia.
Context:
Luther saw work as a form of service, stressing that both secular and spiritual professions were of equal value. Over the following centuries, the Protestant conception of work served as one of the ideological arguments for justifying the imprisonment in workhouses of those not considered hardworking. In Calvinism in particular, property and wealth were viewed as signs of divine pleasure. In The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (1904/1905), the sociologist Max Weber described the close connection between the Protestant work ethic and capitalism.
Further Reading:
*BBC (27.03.2014): In Our Time. Weber’s The Protestant Ethic.
OK
White Man’s work eat people.
Correct!
White Man’s work eat people.
Year:
1900
Author Bio:
Mossi proverb from what was then Upper Volta and is today Burkina Faso.
Source:
Quote: John C. Caldwell (1990): The Social Repercussions of Colonial Rule: Demographic Ascpects. In: Albert Adu Boahen (Hrsg): General History of Africa. VII. Africa under Colonial Domination 1880-1935. London: Heinemann, p. 475. The year (1900) is an approximation.
Picture: Wikimedia
Context:
Enslaved Africans were forced to work on colonisers’ plantations and infrastructure projects (Linebaugh and Rediker, 2008: 16, German edition). For example, in the early 20th century, before WW1, one fifth of the ‘workforce’ in the German colony of Cameroon (150 to 200 people of every 1000, see Caldwell, 1990) died of the hardships and diseases of plantation and railway construction work. This high mortality rate was also at the root of the Mossi proverb in today’s Burkina Faso.
Further Reading:
*John C. Caldwell (1990): The social repercussions of colonial rule: demographic ascpects. In: Albert Adu Boahen (Hrsg): General History of Africa. VII. Africa under Colonial Domination 1880-1935. London: Heinemann, S. 458-486.
*Peter Linebaugh & Marcus Rediker (2000): The Many-headed Hydra. New York: Verso.
OK
“The doctor immediately recognized that the man was suffering from terminal syphilis. He prescribed him penicillin – and got into terrible trouble with the disease control authorities. He was accused of treating someone who was not allowed to be treated. No wonder, he knew nothing about the study.”
Correct!
“The doctor immediately recognized that the man was suffering from terminal syphilis. He prescribed him penicillin – and got into terrible trouble with the disease control authorities. He was accused of treating someone who was not allowed to be treated. No wonder, he knew nothing about the study.”
Year:
1965
Author Bio:
Peter Buxtun (born 1937) is an American social worker and former employee of the United States Public Health Service who became known as a whistleblower due to his publication of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study. The experiment was discontinued after it became public knowledge.
Source:
Der Spiegel (Johanna Lutteroth), 07.06.2012: “Medical scandal Tuskegee death study.”
Context:
In the 1930s, doctors began abusing poor black male farm workers suffering from syphilis in the so-called Tuskegee Study. They wanted to investigate how syphilis develops if it remains untreated. The study was conducted by the Public Health Service, an agency of the US Department of Health and Human Services. Almost 400 sick men in Tuskegee (Alabama) were deliberately deprived of effective treatment without their knowledge. It was forbidden to prescribe Penecellin to patients when it was discovered to be an effective drug against syphilis in 1943. The aim was to monitor the progression of the disease and its late effects. “The study had no scientific value at all. Because the gruesome consequences of syphilis had been known for centuries” (Berliner Zeitung, 19.05.2022). The study was only discontinued in 1972, after Peter Buxton had tried in vain for years to draw attention to the abuse. In the 1940s, the same group of researchers infected hundreds of people in Guatemala with the virus in order to research the disease (ibid.). Although the researchers described the Tuskegee study in 15 medical journals, there was never an outcry in the medical community (Martin J. Tobin 2022).
Further Reading:
*Berliner Zeitung (Annett Stein), May 19, 2022):“Tuskegee experiment: Consequences of the cruel human experiments continue to this day.”
*Tobin (2022):“Uncovering the Tuskegee Syphilis Study: The Story and Timeless Lessons.”
OK
“The psychological characteristics of Americans exhibit traits that would be accessible to psychoanalysis, as they point to a strong sexual repression. The reasons for the displacement are to be found in the specifically American complex, namely living together with the lower classes. Breedsin particular the N*****. Living together with the barbarian races has a suggestive effect on the laboriously subjugated instincts of the white race and pulls them down. Strong defenses are therefore necessary, which manifest themselves in the special aspects of American culture […]”
Correct!
“The psychological characteristics of Americans exhibit traits that would be accessible to psychoanalysis, as they point to a strong sexual repression. The reasons for the displacement are to be found in the specifically American complex, namely living together with the lower classes. Breedsin particular the N*****. Living together with the barbarian races has a suggestive effect on the laboriously subjugated instincts of the white race and pulls them down. Strong defenses are therefore necessary, which manifest themselves in the special aspects of American culture […]”
Year:
1927
Author Bio:
Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1961) was a Swiss psychiatrist. In the 1920s, Jung made several long journeys to various parts of Africa, and also visited indigenous groups in North America. He is considered the founder of analytical psychology.
Source:
Fernando, Suman (2017). Racial thinking and racism are becoming the norm. In: Institutional racism in psychiatry and clinical psychology. Contemporary Black History. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62728-1_3
Context:
Analytical psychology was developed in contrast to Freudian psychoanalysis. Jung was a student and friend of Freud from 1907 to 1913. Analytical psychology is mainly offered as individual therapy. Here client and therapist usually sit opposite each other. The aim is a dialog between the two as equal partners and a deep human encounter. However, the therapist is also seen as a teacher and “spiritual guide”.
Besides sickness in addition to the causes in the individual life story and in the social and cultural situation, there are also life conflicts that all people have to overcome: the so-called archetypal problems. His descriptions of these archetypes are based, among other things, on racist stereotypes that have found their way into European science through colonialism.
This is why, in analytical psychotherapy, the client is brought into contact with archetypal solutions, such as those presented in myths or fairy tales. This inevitably leads to the reproduction of racist and sexist stereotypes. The “cure” is to be achieved through individuation. Individuation occurs through the realization and integration of previously unconscious polar personality parts such as the so-called shadow as the negative or the animus or anima as the opposite-sex part.
Further Reading:
Typology Triad Blog (2021): Jung and racism.
OK
Not all nor nearly all of the murders done by white men, during the past thirty years in the South, have come to light, but the statistics as gathered and preserved by white men, and which have not been questioned, show that during these years more than ten thousand Negroes have been killed in cold blood, without the formality of judicial trial and legal execution. And yet, as evidence of the absolute impunity with which the white man dares to kill a Negro, the same record shows that during all these years, and for all these murders only three white men have been tried, convicted, and executed.
Correct!
Not all nor nearly all of the murders done by white men, during the past thirty years in the South, have come to light, but the statistics as gathered and preserved by white men, and which have not been questioned, show that during these years more than ten thousand Negroes have been killed in cold blood, without the formality of judicial trial and legal execution. And yet, as evidence of the absolute impunity with which the white man dares to kill a Negro, the same record shows that during all these years, and for all these murders only three white men have been tried, convicted, and executed.
Year:
1895
Author Bio:
Ida B. Wells (1862-1931) was a Black investigative journalist, sociologist, and feminist. She documented the lynch law in the United States in the 1890s.
The missing years are 1865 and 1895.
Source:
Ida B. Wells-Barnett (1895/1969): On Lynching. Southern Horrors – A Red Record – Mob Rule in New Orleans, New York: Arno Press, p. 8.
Context:
After the American Civil War (1861-1865) and the liberation of enslaved people, the number of lynchings rose rapidly. The victims were almost always Black men who were hanged from trees. Lynchings were carried out by white mobs to spread terror. For example, up to 300 Black Americans were murdered in Tulsa, Oklahoma in 1921, with the massacre not becoming part of the school curriculum until 2020. In addition, the Jim Crow laws, which enforced segregation, were introduced in southern states, and these remained in effect until the 1960s. The singer Billie Holiday protested against the lynchings by singing the song “Strange Fruit” in 1939: “Black bodies swinging in the southern breeze / Strange fruit hanging from the poplar trees.”
Further Reading:
*Audrey Lorde (1984): Sister Outsider. Essays and Speeches. Trumansburg: Crossing Press
*Toni Morrison (2000): Sehr blaue Augen. Reinbeck: Rowohlt.
*Billy Holiday (1939): Strange Fruit. Text von Abel Meeropol
OK
The barbarian princes cannot prevent their subjects from trading with the Spanish, and the Kings of Spain on their side cannot forbid the Spanish to trade with the Indians.
Correct!
The barbarian princes cannot prevent their subjects from trading with the Spanish, and the Kings of Spain on their side cannot forbid the Spanish to trade with the Indians.
Year:
1532
Author Bio:
Francisco de Vitoria (1483 – 1546) was a Catholic moral theologian, Dominican friar and teacher of natural law. He taught at various universities in Spain and expressed himself in his writings on political issues such as conquests and trade in the Americas. De Vitoria was central to the development of the concepts of “freedom of trade” and “freedom of the seas” (for trade).
Source:
Vitorias Schrift (1532): The First Relectio of the Reverend Father, Brother Franciscus de Victoria, On the Indians Lately Discovered.
Context:
The right and freedom to travel and trade are seen by de Vitoria as fundamental principles of a natural right. The rights of merchants were placed above any restrictions and protectionism (protection against the import of goods) by noble rulers (princes). However, trade relations were by no means relations between equals. The gold and silver that (according to de Vitoria) ‘the natives have in abundance’ were first obtained through environmentally destructive mining and forced labour, which was dangerous and degrading for workers. German traders and princes even had private colonies in Latin America, Africa and Asia or were involved in the slave trade (Potts 1988: 18). For example, Großfriedrichsburg, in present-day Ghana was a colony of the Great Elector Jakob von Kurland in the 17th century. From 1528 to 1558, Venezuela was a local colony of the Welsers bank (Reader der AG: 4ff.).
Further Reading:
*Antony T. Anghie (2005): Imperialism, Sovereignty and the Making of International Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
*Lydia Potts (1988): Weltmarkt für Arbeitskraft. Hamburg: Junius.
*AG Weiße deutsche Frauen und Kolonialismus: „Weiße deutsche Frauen & Kolonialismus – Reader zu einer Veranstaltung.“ C/o Infoladen. Kleiner Schäferkamp 46. 20357 Hamburg.
OK
“Surely this traffic cannot be good, […] which violates that first natural right of man-kind, equality and independency, and gives one man a dominion over his fellows which God could never intend!”
Correct!
“Surely this traffic cannot be good, […] which violates that first natural right of man-kind, equality and independency, and gives one man a dominion over his fellows which God could never intend!”
Year:
1789
Author Bio:
Olaudah Equiano (1745-1797) was a Nigerian-born author of the African diaspora who was enslaved as a child. Due to his education, he was later allowed to trade. He was able to buy his freedom in 1766 and campaigned for the abolition of slavery in England from 1777.
Source:
Quote: Orig.: The interesting Narrative of the Life of Oulaudah Equiano or Gustavus Vassa the Africa, written by himself (1789).
Picture: Unknown author – Project Gutenberg eText 15399. Wikimedia. Creative Commons.
Context:
The quote comes from Equiano’s memories of warlike conflicts that took place in his childhood between neighboring states in order to capture booty and prisoners to sell to European slave traders. In the case described, the attackers were defeated and killed or enslaved. In his description Equiano emphasizes the contrast to the inhumanity of European slavery. In his autobiography, Equiano does not initially oppose all forms of slavery. He obtained the means to buy his freedom by participating in human trafficking. His initially ambivalent attitude towards slavery changed over the course of his life and ultimately led to a decisive stance against slavery.
Further Reading:
*Olaudah Equiano (2021): The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African. Hoboken New Jersey.
*Resources on Equiano.
OK
And of course the approach was to say, now let’s do multiculturalism and live side by side. This approach has failed, absolutely failed!
Correct!
And of course the approach was to say, now let’s do multiculturalism and live side by side. This approach has failed, absolutely failed!
Year:
2010
Author Bio:
Chancellor Angela Merkel (born 1954) is a politician of the CDU and was Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany from 2005-2021. She was the first woman to hold this post.
Source:
Speech in front of the Young Members of the CDU
Context:
As chancellor, Angela Merkel made integration a top priority. “Germans with a migration background” caught the media’s attention because of reports on poverty, social inequality in schools, the labour market and so on. The right-wing conservative camp quickly spoke of self-inflicted poverty and the failure of the “multicultural” approach. Angela Merkel initially relied on state integration policy, for example, seting up the German Islam Conference and Integration Summit which has been held every year since 2006. In the same year as the quote, the former SPD politician Thilo Sarrazin published his book Germany Abolishes Itself. CSU chairman Horst Seehofer referred positively to Sarrazin’s idea of a dominant culture. In this statement, Angela Merkel was supporting Seehofer and an authoritarian integration project.
Further Reading:
The Guardian (30.08.2010): Bundesbank executive provokes race outcry with book.
OK
The line is continuous—those who took the land from the Indians continue to oppress us with their feudal structures. (…) Foreign monopolies impose crops on us, they impose chemicals that pollute our earth, impose technology and ideology. All this through the oligarchy which owns the land and controls the politics. But we must remember—the oligarchy is also controlled, by the very same monopolies, the very same Ford Motors, Monsanto, Philip Morris. It’s the structure we have to change. This is what I have come to denounce. That’s all.
Correct!
The line is continuous—those who took the land from the Indians continue to oppress us with their feudal structures. (…) Foreign monopolies impose crops on us, they impose chemicals that pollute our earth, impose technology and ideology. All this through the oligarchy which owns the land and controls the politics. But we must remember—the oligarchy is also controlled, by the very same monopolies, the very same Ford Motors, Monsanto, Philip Morris. It’s the structure we have to change. This is what I have come to denounce. That’s all.
Year:
1990
Author Bio:
Sergio Tomasella, tobacco planter and general secretary of the Argentine Farmers’ Union, was tortured and imprisoned for five years during the junta (military dictatorship). This quote comes from his testimony post-dictatorship before the Argentine tribunal against impunity.
Source:
Quoted by Klein 2007: 127
Context:
In this quote, Tomasella links colonialism with the inequality that goes hand in hand with unequal ownership. In Germany, too, 10% of the population owns 50% of the total net wealth. Income and wealth are related to people’s social backgrounds all over the world (70% of the children of academics go to university, while only 20% of the children of workersdo , see Fratzscher 2017).
Further Reading:
*Naomi Klein (2007): The Shock Doctrine. The Rise of Disaster Capitalism. Toronto: Knopf Canada.
OK
The coloniser, who in order to ease his conscience gets into the habit of seeing the other man as an animal, accustoms himself to treating him like an animal, and tends objectively to transform himself into an animal. (…) They talk to me about progress, achievements, diseases cured, improved standards of living. I am talking about (…) development oriented solely toward the benefit of the metropolitan countries, about the looting of products, the looting of raw materials. They talk to me about civilisation. I talk about proletarianisation and mystification.
Correct!
The coloniser, who in order to ease his conscience gets into the habit of seeing the other man as an animal, accustoms himself to treating him like an animal, and tends objectively to transform himself into an animal. (…) They talk to me about progress, achievements, diseases cured, improved standards of living. I am talking about (…) development oriented solely toward the benefit of the metropolitan countries, about the looting of products, the looting of raw materials. They talk to me about civilisation. I talk about proletarianisation and mystification.
Year:
1968
Author Bio:
Aimé Césaire (1913-2008) was an Afro-Caribbean French writer and politician, founder of the Negritude movement that sought to liberate Black people from colonial rule.
Source:
Aimé Césaire (1968/2000)
Context:
In his 1950 essay On Colonialism, from which this quote comes, Césaire denounced the fact that while colonialism feigned a desire to “civilise”, its real goal was always exploitation (1968: 8). Both the colonised and European proletarians, he wrote, had understood this long ago (1968: 6). Here, Césaire posited a problematic connection between the Holocaust and colonial genocide, writing that ‘what he [the European citizen] does not forgive Hitler [is] not the crime per se (…) but that it is a crime against white people’ (1968: 12). in a different vein, Michael Rothberg argues for a multidimensional culture of remembrance that does not set victims against each other. For an example of such a position, see the cooperation between Ibrahim Arslan, survivor of the racist arson attack in Mölln/Northwest Germany, and Ester Bejarano, Auschwitz survivor (Möllner Reden im Exil from 2013).
Further Reading:
*Aimee Césaire (2000): Discourse on Colonialism. A Poetics of Anticolonialism.
OK
Cesare Borgia was considered cruel; notwithstanding, his cruelty reconciled the Romagna, unified it, and restored it to peace and loyalty (…) Upon this a question arises: whether it be better to be loved than feared or feared than loved? It may be answered that one should wish to be both, but, because it is difficult to unite them in one person, is much safer to be feared than loved, when, of the two, either must be dispensed with.
Correct!
Cesare Borgia was considered cruel; notwithstanding, his cruelty reconciled the Romagna, unified it, and restored it to peace and loyalty (…) Upon this a question arises: whether it be better to be loved than feared or feared than loved? It may be answered that one should wish to be both, but, because it is difficult to unite them in one person, is much safer to be feared than loved, when, of the two, either must be dispensed with.
Year:
1513
Author Bio:
Niccolò Machiavelli (1469-1527) was a philosopher and politician from Florence. In this piece of writing, he advocated for authoritarian power politics.
Source:
Niccolò Machiavelli (2016, Original 1513): The Prince, Chapter XVII. Ontario: Devolted Publishing, p. 40
Context:
Machiavelli had a strong influence on state philosophy and still represents an authoritarian and ruthless idea of rule. This was based on his image of man: “Because this is to be asserted in general of men, that they are ungrateful, fickle, false, cowardly, covetous, and as long as you succeed they are yours entirely; they will offer you their blood, property, life and children, as is said above, when the need is far distant; but when it approaches they turn against you.” (ibid.) Even during his lifetime, Machiavelli was strongly criticised for his authoritarian ideas on state leadership, for example by the English cardinal Reginald Pole (1500-1558). Nevertheless, centuries later, this power politics was still a model for colonisers and warring parties; an example are the retaliatory measures taken by the National Socialists against resistance fighters during World War II.
Further Reading:
The Guardian (Erica Brenner), 03.03.2017: Have we got Machiavelli all wrong?
OK
Queen Mary, oh, where are you going to burn? Queen Mary, oh, where are you going to burn? Don’t ask me anything, just give me a match and some oil. The basin prison, that’s where the money is.
Correct!
Queen Mary, oh, where are you going to burn? Queen Mary, oh, where are you going to burn? Don’t ask me anything, just give me a match and some oil. The basin prison, that’s where the money is.
Year:
Author Bio:
Song about Mary Thomas (ca. 1848-1905), called Queen Mary. She was one of three black leaders of the labor protests in the Virgin Islands, then a Danish colony.
Source:
Citation: Jeannette Allis Bastian (2003): Owning Memory: How a Caribbean Community Lost its Archives and Found its History. London: Libraries Unlimited, p. 12.
Image: Wikimedia
Context:
Although slavery was abolished in 1848, working conditions had not improved much. Together with Queen Agnes and Queen Mathilda, Queen Mary organized the so-called Fireburn protests in 1878. These were the largest workers’ protests in Danish history(The Workers Museum 2018: Fireburn) in terms of participation in the protests, the destruction of infrastructure and, above all, the loss of life, especially on the side of the rebels (conversation by glokal with Gunvor Simonsen, University of Copenhagen 2020). Statues on the islands and in Denmark, songs and theater performances keep the memories of the three “queens” alive.
Further Reading:
*Gunvor Simonsen (2017): Slave Stories: Law, Representation, and Gender in the Danish West Indies. Aarhus: Aarhus Universitetsforlag.
*Jeannette Allis Bastian (2003): Owning Memory: How a Caribbean Community Lost Its Archives and Found Its History. London: Libraries Unlimited.
OK
Police come out to collect our rent. The Aboriginal‘s Protection Board think it is important for the coloured people to pay rent. But the white people never thought of paying US rent for the whole country that they took from our ancestors.
Correct!
Police come out to collect our rent. The Aboriginal‘s Protection Board think it is important for the coloured people to pay rent. But the white people never thought of paying US rent for the whole country that they took from our ancestors.
Year:
1951
Author Bio:
Mary Clarke, (date of birth unknown – 1984) was a Koori Aboriginal activist. The quote comes from a speech recorded at a meeting with journalists. The meeting was organised to speak out against the eviction of a woman and her children of multiracial decent from their home in Framlingham Settlement, Victoria, Australia.
Source:
Original source: Newspaper Melbourse Argus (22.02.1951). Reprinted in: Jan Chritchett (1998): Untold Stories: Memories and Lives of Victorian Kooris. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, p. 4.
Context:
Australia was one of Great Britain’s settler colonies. In 1770, James Cook claimed eastern Australia for the British Crown. He also put forward the idea of a prison colony to relieve overcrowded British prisons. In 1788, Captain Arthur Phillip landed in Sydney with 1,500 prisoners. It is estimated that between 1788 and 1900 up to 90% of Australia’s indigenous people were killed by introduced diseases, land dispossession and violent conflict. There were mass shootings, people were thrown in groups off cliffs or offered land poisoned with arsenic or other substances (Behrendt 2012: 274). George Reid, a politician from the Free Trade Party, said in an election speech in 1903 that ‘we should have a white Australia’ (he became Prime Minister in 1904). Forging a white Australia was a key political goal not only for him, however, but for European settlers in general over the centuries. The protests of the Aboriginal population also go back a long way. In 1938 a silent march was held to commemorate 150 years of land grabbing and colonization (creativespirits.info).
Further Reading:
*Foley, Gary (1999): ATSIC: Flaws in the Machine. The Koori History Website.
*John Harris (2003): Hiding the Bodies: the myth of the humane colonisation of Australia. In: Aboriginal History Journal. Canberra: Australian Centre for Indigenous History, S. 79-104.
*Larissa Behrendt (2013): Indigenous Australia for Dummies. Canberra: International Journal of Critical Indigenous Studies, S. 53f. (Rezension)
*creativespirits.info: Aboriginal timeline: Protest.
OK
Toys for boys are mostly active, and involve some sort of “doing” – trains, cars – and toys for girls are mostly ‘passive’ and are overwhelmingly dolls. I was struck by how early our culture starts to form the ideas of what a boy should be and what a girl should be.
Correct!
Toys for boys are mostly active, and involve some sort of “doing” – trains, cars – and toys for girls are mostly ‘passive’ and are overwhelmingly dolls. I was struck by how early our culture starts to form the ideas of what a boy should be and what a girl should be.
Year:
2017
Author Bio:
Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie (born 1977) is a Nigerian-US-American writer.
Source:
Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie (2017): Dear Ijeawele, or a Feminist Manifesto in Fifteen Suggestions.
Context:
People are divided into two genders as early as infancy. It is not only parents who shape gender-specific upbringings, but also capitalist economic production, which is divided into products for “boys” and “girls” through what is termed “gender marketing”. These are designed and marketed in such a way that children learn how they “have to” be at an early age. This sales strategy primarily serves the company because it generates more sales: a girl needs a pink bicycle with a princess, while her brother will definitely want a blue two-wheeler with a picture of a pirate. Uta Brandes from the University of Cologne researches this issue and says: “Take Lego. It used to be a neutral toy, back when there were only colourful blocks. Today there is the pink Lego Friends series for girls ”(Emma, 11/06/2008).
Further Reading:
*Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie (2017): Dear Ijeawele or a Feminist Manifesto in Fifteen Suggestions. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
*The Guardian (11.10.2021): “Lego to remove gender bias from its toys after findings of child survey.”
OK
“Before this virus, humanity was already threatened with asphyxiation. If there must be war, it cannot be so much against a particular virus, but against everything that […] in the long reign of capitalism has forced whole populations of the world […] to a heavy, gasping breath and a life of oppression.
Overcoming this limitation would mean going beyond the purely biological aspect of breathing […] as the [erfassen] thing we have in common […]. By that I mean the universal right to breathe.”
Correct!
“Before this virus, humanity was already threatened with asphyxiation. If there must be war, it cannot be so much against a particular virus, but against everything that […] in the long reign of capitalism has forced whole populations of the world […] to a heavy, gasping breath and a life of oppression.
Overcoming this limitation would mean going beyond the purely biological aspect of breathing […] as the [erfassen] thing we have in common […]. By that I mean the universal right to breathe.”
Year:
2020
Author Bio:
Joseph-Achille Mbembe (born 1957) is a Cameroonian historian and political scientist. He is a professor at Witwatersrand University in Johannesburg, South Africa.
Source:
The University of Chicago Press Journal (Achille Mbembe), 13.04.2020:“The Universal Right To Breathe.”
Context:
In his article, Mbembe draws attention to the general destruction of the foundations of all life on our planet. “In Africa in particular, but also in many places in the global South, energy-intensive mining, the expansion of agriculture, predatory land sales and the destruction of forests will continue unabated. The power supply and cooling of computer chips and supercomputers depend on it. […] If COVID-19 is indeed the spectacular expression of the planetary impasse in which humanity finds itself today, then it is about nothing less than rebuilding a habitable Earth to give us all the breath of life. We need to reclaim the lungs of our world in order to break new ground. Humans and the biosphere are one. Humanity has no future on its own.”
Further Reading:
OK
“It was only now that I realized how difficult it would be for me to find a suitable job because of my African origin, because although I was gifted, no one thought of letting me learn a profession.”
Correct!
“It was only now that I realized how difficult it would be for me to find a suitable job because of my African origin, because although I was gifted, no one thought of letting me learn a profession.”
Year:
1895
Author Bio:
Henriette Alexander (1817-1895), born in Stuttgart, was the daughter of African valets, who herself worked as a teacher in various places.
Source:
Quote translated after: handwritten notes by Henriette Alexander, in: Monatsblatt von Beuggen, Mai 1895, Nr. 4, p. 30-32.
Picture: Findagrave.
Context:
The quote comes from Henriette Alexander’s own notes about her life. As the daughter of so-called African valets, she lived in dependency throughout her life. She was very gifted and as she read a lot, especially the Bible. In her notes, she describes the various stages of her life as a teacher. In the quote, she expresses that despite her talents, she was never able to achieve independence in her home or profession. She was denied equality and freedom because of her African heritage.
Further Reading:
*Monika Firla (2001): Exotisch – höfisch – bürgerlich. Afrikaner in Württemberg vom 15. bis 19. Jahrhundert. Katalog zur Ausstellung des Hauptarchivs Stuttgarts: Stuttgart.
*Helen Whittle (13.11.2012): Homestory Deutschland.
OK
Long before they joined the “official” liberation struggle, African women were part of an ongoing history of resistance to colonialism. (…) opposition movements against colonialism. Not only did they actively participate in protests, but in many cases, they took on leadership roles in organising protests, strikes, demonstrations, work refusal campaigns, civil disobedience and other forms of resistance throughout the history of their countries.
Correct!
Long before they joined the “official” liberation struggle, African women were part of an ongoing history of resistance to colonialism. (…) opposition movements against colonialism. Not only did they actively participate in protests, but in many cases, they took on leadership roles in organising protests, strikes, demonstrations, work refusal campaigns, civil disobedience and other forms of resistance throughout the history of their countries.
Year:
2004
Author Bio:
Micere Mugo (born 1942) is a Kenyan author, poet and activist. She had to leave Kenya in 1982 because of her political activism.
Source:
Micere Mugo (2010, in German): Die Rolle der Frauen in afrikanischen Befreiungsbewegungen – Ein illustratives Beispiel aus Kenia. In: Africavenir (Hrsg.): 50 Jahre afrikanische Un-Abhängigkeiten – Eine (selbst)kritische Bilanz, p.48-55.
Context:
Women have played an important role in resistance movements: in Europe (see Federici 2009 for a historical overview), in Latin America (see Linhard 2005 on the Mexican revolution) and in Asia (rjb & ir 2008: 100f). In West Africa, the combative Dahomey fought in the 18th and 19th centuries, as described by Stanley Alpern in his book “Amazons of Black Sparta” (2011). There are also testimonies of female fighters in the Mau Mau war against German colonial rulers (Mugo 2004), as well as in the independence movements of the second half of the 20th century (on Zimbabwe, see Sinclair, 1996).
Further Reading:
*Micere Githae Mugo (2004): Muthoni Wa Kirima: Mau Mau woman field marshal: interrogation of silencing, erasure, and manipulation of female combatants’ texts. Harare: Sapes Books.
*Stanley B. Alpern (2011): Amazons of Black Sparta: The Women Warriors of Dahomey. New York: New York University Press.
*Silvia Federici (2009): Caliban and the Witch. Women, the Body and Primitive Accumulation. New York: Autonomedia.
*Ingrid Sinclair (1996): Flame. (Documentary on female Guerillas in liberation struggle in Zimbabwe).
*Rheinisches JournalistInnenbüro & recherche international e.V (2008, in German): Die dritte Welt im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Unterrichtsmaterialien zu einem vergessenen Kapitel der Geschichte.
*Tabea Alexa Linhard (2005): Fearless Women in the Mexican Revolution and Spanish Civil War. Columbia: University of Missouri Press.
OK
One suspects that this disgrace is directed against the capital and Germany, which is newly formed in Berlin. However, no matter how much the muscles swell, one will not dare to keep the center of Berlin free from such a monstrosity, out of consideration for the New York press and the sharks in legal attire.
Correct!
One suspects that this disgrace is directed against the capital and Germany, which is newly formed in Berlin. However, no matter how much the muscles swell, one will not dare to keep the center of Berlin free from such a monstrosity, out of consideration for the New York press and the sharks in legal attire.
Year:
1998
Author Bio:
Germany, Rudolf Augstein (1923-2002)
Source:
Rudolf Augstein, We are all vulnerable, Der Spiegel, 11/30/1998.
Context:
Augstein was born in Hanover in 1923. As a Wehrmacht soldier, Augstein was deployed on the Eastern Front as a radio operator and gunner. After the war, he first worked as an editor for the “Hannoversche Nachrichtenblatt” before founding the news magazine “Der Spiegel” in 1947 with two colleagues. He was editor of the magazine until his death.
Further Reading:
OK
When the social body of the country has been contaminated by a disease that corrodes its entrails, it forms antibodies. These antibodies cannot be considered in the same way as microbes. As the government controls and destroys the guerrilla, the action of the antibody will disappear, as is already happening. It is only a natural reaction to a sick body.
Correct!
When the social body of the country has been contaminated by a disease that corrodes its entrails, it forms antibodies. These antibodies cannot be considered in the same way as microbes. As the government controls and destroys the guerrilla, the action of the antibody will disappear, as is already happening. It is only a natural reaction to a sick body.
Year:
1976
Author Bio:
César Augusto Guzzetti (1925-1988) was foreign minister during the Argentine junta that took power in 1976. Although he survived being shot by left-wing guerrillas in May 1977, he had to leave his post.
Source:
Quoted by Naomi Klein (2007): The Shock Doctrine. The Rise of Disaster Capitalism. Toronto: Knopf Canada, p. 113
Context:
Disease metaphors have been and still are frequently used in politics to refer to complicated social processes and to justify drastic political measures. The Nazi doctor Fritz Klein said ‘The Jew is an inflamed appendix in the body of mankind.’ The Khmer Rouge justified mass executions in Cambodia this way: ‘What is infected must be cut out’ (cf. Klein 2007: 114). Susan Sontag (1981) wrote that the use of disease metaphors such as cancer justifies strict measures and is “as such implicitly genocidal.”
Further Reading:
*Susan Sontag (1978): Illness as Metaphor. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux.
OK
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