Interview partner:in Iman in an article by Alisha Qamar (2020). Alisha Qamar is a medical student in Bochum and an activist in the field of human rights, including with “The ONE Campaign”.
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“My mother was often denied pain or not taken seriously. She was given the wrong medication during a hospital stay due to liver disease. Against her will and although she pointed this out several times. The side effects were very drastic, she lost a lot of weight, could no longer eat and had hardly any energy. Nevertheless, she was always told that she was exaggerating and that the treatment was the right one. Up to the point where her life was in real danger …”
Correct!
“My mother was often denied pain or not taken seriously. She was given the wrong medication during a hospital stay due to liver disease. Against her will and although she pointed this out several times. The side effects were very drastic, she lost a lot of weight, could no longer eat and had hardly any energy. Nevertheless, she was always told that she was exaggerating and that the treatment was the right one. Up to the point where her life was in real danger …”
Year:
Author Bio:
Source:
Thieme.de (Alisha Qamar), 12.08.2020:“Black Lives Matter – Racism in the healthcare sector“
Context:
Due to colonial continuities, Black people are still inadequately considered in medical care today and often receive poorer care.
At that time, terrible acts of enslavement were justified and justified by the fact that black skin was supposedly thicker and more resistant to pain than white skin. Medicine is still influenced by this idea today. The scientific journal “Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences” from the USA published an article on the unequal treatment of black patients back in 2016, stating that the majority of doctors prescribe less pain medication to black patients than to white patients (57% to 74%). The study by Staton et al examined the different perceptions of pain among patients by doctors. In the study, the underestimation of pain felt by black patients was 47%, compared to 33.5% for white patients. On average, black patients wait longer in the emergency room and their concerns are not taken seriously. (Thieme 12.08.2020)
BIPOC are also exposed to stigmatizing diagnoses, such as the so-called Mongolian spot or Mediterranean disease. These stigmatizing diagnoses can sometimes have fatal or health-damaging consequences, as sometimes serious clinical pictures can be detected too late and preventive measures can only be taken inadequately(Ärztezeitung, 21.04.2015). This question of representation is closely linked to the fundamental issue of global inequality in the distribution of medical care, which has become particularly evident during the coronavirus pandemic.
Further Reading:
*The New England Journal of Medicine (LaShyra Nolen), June 25, 2020:“How Medical Education Is Missing the Bull’s-eye“
OK
I am, because we are; and since we are therefore I am.
Correct!
I am, because we are; and since we are therefore I am.
Year:
Author Bio:
John Mbiti (1931-2019) was a Kenyan theologian. This quote is based on Ubuntu philosophy which has spread across many parts of Africa, e.g. in Zulu: ‘Umuntu ngumuntu ngabantu’ (A man is a man through other men).
Source:
John Mbiti (1969): African Religions and Philosophy. Nairobi: East African Educational Publishers, p. 106
Context:
Ubuntu gets applied to many fields that include philosophy, a freely available computer operating system, and as an inspiration for an economic system beyond capitalism. In contrast to Descartes’ cogito ergo sum (I think, therefore I am), this attitude of mind shows that unlike in the Enlightenment’s individualistic world view, people’s well-being is interlinked. It follows that success is therefore not the accumulation of material wealth by individuals, but the ‘restoration of vitality, the living spirit that permeates our existence and the world of which we are a part’ (Naudé 2010: 113). Naudé, a professor at Nelson Mandela University in South Africa, suggests that African Ubuntu philosophy could be the basis for a new trading system.
Further Reading:
*Abeba Birhane (2017): Descartes was wrong: ‘a person is a person through other persons’.
* Piet J. Naudé (2010): Fair Global Trade: A Perspective from Africa. In: Geoff Moore: Fairness in International Trade. Durham: Springer‘s.
OK
I told him that it was not honourable for a woman to love anyone else except her husband, and that this evil being among them, he himself was not sure that his son, who was there present, was his son. He replied: “Thou hast no sense. You French people love only your own children; but we love all the children of our tribe.” I began to laugh, seeing that he philosophised in horse and mule fashion.
Correct!
I told him that it was not honourable for a woman to love anyone else except her husband, and that this evil being among them, he himself was not sure that his son, who was there present, was his son. He replied: “Thou hast no sense. You French people love only your own children; but we love all the children of our tribe.” I began to laugh, seeing that he philosophised in horse and mule fashion.
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Author Bio:
Paul Le Jeune was a French Jesuit who lived in Canada in the mid 17th century. The Jesuits wanted to evangelise and discipline the Montagnais-Naskapi. The Montagnais-Naskapi lived on the eastern Labrador Peninsula.
Source:
Eleanor Burke Leacock (1981): Myths of Male Dominance: Collected Articles on Women Cross-Culturally. New York: Monthly Review Press, p. 50. The year (1637) is an approximation.
Context:
The missionary is surprised by the Montagnais-Naskapi’s generosity, sense of community and indifference to status, but at the same time shocked by their contempt for concepts such as possessiveness, authority (Leacock, 1981: 49) and male superiority (Leacock, 1981: 52), and at the fact that they do not punish their children. The coloniser Hernández de Córdoba was also surprised when in 1517 he landed on an island off the Yucatán peninsula in Mexico: there were so many female deities in the temples (Federici, 2014: 277) that he called it the “Isla de las Mujeres” (island of women). Europeans often viewed a lack of male authority as a lack of civilization.
Further Reading:
*Silvia Federici (2004): Caliban and the Witch. Women, the Body and Primitive Accumulation. New York: Autonomedia.
*Howard Zinn (2015): A People’s History of the United States. New York: Harper Perennial.
OK
The barbarian princes cannot prevent their subjects from trading with the Spanish, and the Kings of Spain on their side cannot forbid the Spanish to trade with the Indians.
Correct!
The barbarian princes cannot prevent their subjects from trading with the Spanish, and the Kings of Spain on their side cannot forbid the Spanish to trade with the Indians.
Year:
Author Bio:
Francisco de Vitoria (1483 – 1546) was a Catholic moral theologian, Dominican friar and teacher of natural law. He taught at various universities in Spain and expressed himself in his writings on political issues such as conquests and trade in the Americas. De Vitoria was central to the development of the concepts of “freedom of trade” and “freedom of the seas” (for trade).
Source:
Vitorias Schrift (1532): The First Relectio of the Reverend Father, Brother Franciscus de Victoria, On the Indians Lately Discovered.
Context:
The right and freedom to travel and trade are seen by de Vitoria as fundamental principles of a natural right. The rights of merchants were placed above any restrictions and protectionism (protection against the import of goods) by noble rulers (princes). However, trade relations were by no means relations between equals. The gold and silver that (according to de Vitoria) ‘the natives have in abundance’ were first obtained through environmentally destructive mining and forced labour, which was dangerous and degrading for workers. German traders and princes even had private colonies in Latin America, Africa and Asia or were involved in the slave trade (Potts 1988: 18). For example, Großfriedrichsburg, in present-day Ghana was a colony of the Great Elector Jakob von Kurland in the 17th century. From 1528 to 1558, Venezuela was a local colony of the Welsers bank (Reader der AG: 4ff.).
Further Reading:
*Antony T. Anghie (2005): Imperialism, Sovereignty and the Making of International Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
*Lydia Potts (1988): Weltmarkt für Arbeitskraft. Hamburg: Junius.
*AG Weiße deutsche Frauen und Kolonialismus: „Weiße deutsche Frauen & Kolonialismus – Reader zu einer Veranstaltung.“ C/o Infoladen. Kleiner Schäferkamp 46. 20357 Hamburg.
OK
No government in the world would have tolerated having the main square of its capital occupied for eight weeks by tens of thousands of demonstrators who blocked the authorities from approaching the area in front of the main government building. (…) A crackdown was therefore inevitable. But its brutality was shocking (…)
Correct!
No government in the world would have tolerated having the main square of its capital occupied for eight weeks by tens of thousands of demonstrators who blocked the authorities from approaching the area in front of the main government building. (…) A crackdown was therefore inevitable. But its brutality was shocking (…)
Year:
Author Bio:
Henry Kissinger (born 1923) is a Republican politician and has held many positions, including that of US Secretary of State. He has been internationally criticised for his involvement in numerous government overthrows and for supporting authoritarian regimes (Argentina, Chile, Indonesia/East Timor). In 1973, he received the Nobel Peace Prize. In 2013, an endowed professorship was set up at the University of Bonn in his honour at the initiative of the Federal Republic of Germany’s then Interior Minister de Maizière and Foreign Minister Westerwelle.
Source:
Henry Kissinger (1. August 1989): The Caricature of Deng as a Tyrant is Unfair. Washington Post.
Context:
Former US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger was known for his support of authoritarian regimes around the world. He is accused, amongst other things, of being linked to the assassination of Salvador Allende in Chile in 1973 and the illegal bombing of Cambodian territory during the Vietnam War. In 1989, the pro-democracy movement in Beijing demonstrated in Tiananmen Square. The Chinese military brutally crushed protests, killing an estimated 2,000-7,000 and injuring 30,000. In the aftermath, 40,000 people were arrested and hundreds executed. According to Naomi Klein (2007: 185f.), referring to historian Maurice Meisner, China’s communist government cracked down hardest on factory workers. The liberal economic reforms in China in the 1980s (president Deng Xiaoping had taken advice from Milton Friedman, the neoliberal icon) did not produce the hoped-for political liberalisation.
Further Reading:
*Democracy Now (11.08.2016): Declassified Documents Show Kissinger Role in Argentine Dirty War.
*Naomi Klein (2007): The Shock Doctrine. The Rise of Disaster Capitalism. Toronto: Knopf Canada.
OK
Art. 3. There cannot exist slaves on this territory, servitude is therein forever abolished. All men are born, live and die free.
Art. 4. All men, regardless of colour, are eligible to all employment.
Art. 5. There shall exist no distinction other than those based on virtue and talent, and other superiority afforded by law in the exercise of a public function. The law is the same for all whether in punishment or in protection.
Correct!
Art. 3. There cannot exist slaves on this territory, servitude is therein forever abolished. All men are born, live and die free.
Art. 4. All men, regardless of colour, are eligible to all employment.
Art. 5. There shall exist no distinction other than those based on virtue and talent, and other superiority afforded by law in the exercise of a public function. The law is the same for all whether in punishment or in protection.
Year:
Author Bio:
Toussaint Louverture (1743-1803) was a formerly enslaved Haitian who led the resistance against France. These lines come from a letter Louverture wrote to Napoleon, to which he attached this constitutional text.
Source:
Constitution of Haiti (1801)
Context:
It began in 1791 with an uprising of 50,000 people: Haitians, most of whom were enslaved, fighting for their independence from France. In 1794, slavery was abolished. With the war of independence dragging on for several years, Napoleon threatened to reintroduce slavery. But the Haitians won and became the first Latin American country to become independent in 1804. However, a coalition of European states and the United States boycotted the country. Since the prosperity of colonial states was based on the plantation economy and therefore on the principle of slavery, they feared that the Haitian revolution could also inspire other oppressed peoples. As a result, Haiti was forced into isolation in terms of foreign policy and the new state was obliged to make vast compensation payments to former slave owners. In return for recognising Haiti as an independent state in 1825, France demanded compensation of 150 million francs. It was not until 1883 that Haiti was finally able to pay off this amount which it did with the help of loans (Ziegler 2010). The high national debt it was saddled with immediately after independence is often seen as marking the start of Haiti’s economic dependence on the outside world. At the World Conference Against Racism in 2001, Haiti demanded compensation from France.
Further Reading:
*Project in Haiti and the Domenican Republic where Youth work on the history of slavery and liberation.
*Jean Ziegler (2010): Haiti und der Hass auf den Westen. In Blätter für deutsche und internationale Politik.
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What can we do apart from resisting? (…) It will not be easy to avenge their crimes against our people, for every step we take will be met with massive and arbitrary retribution. (…) But the destiny of our people on this earth is already certain. (…) We can either die with them or try to avenge their death. Our revenge will have to be unbridled and merciless.
Correct!
What can we do apart from resisting? (…) It will not be easy to avenge their crimes against our people, for every step we take will be met with massive and arbitrary retribution. (…) But the destiny of our people on this earth is already certain. (…) We can either die with them or try to avenge their death. Our revenge will have to be unbridled and merciless.
Year:
Author Bio:
Gusta Dawidsohn-Draenger (1917-1943) was born in Kraków to an orthodox Jewish family. After the outbreak of World War II, she played a key role in coordinating Jewish resistance to the Nazis. Together with others – including her husband Shimshon Draenger – she smuggled weapons, organised hiding places and fought with partisans in the surrounding forests. In November 1943, the Germans murdered her and her husband. Between January and March 1943, she had written down her extensive memories on a roll of toilet paper in prison.
Source:
Jochen Kast, Bernd Siegler & Peter Zinke (1999): Das Tagebuch der Partisanin Justyna. Jüdischer Widerstand in Krakau. Berlin: Elefanten Press. The year (1943) is an approximation.
Context:
This quote, in which Gusta Draenger-Dawidson cites her husband Shimshon Draenger, is a testament to Draenger-Dawidson’s memory of armed resistance to the Nazis in Poland. Jewish resistance to the Nazis, often carried out by individuals and small groups, is rarely mentioned in history books. There were also uprisings and revolts in the Warsaw Ghetto, Auschwitz, Treblinka, Bialystok and Sobibor. The largest resistance group with around 1,200 members was the Jewish partisan Tuvia Bielski in Belarus. The forms of resistance were numerous: they ranged from leaflets and newspapers, the running of theatres and schools, to food smuggling and the forging of documents. An estimated 6 million Jews died during the Second World War from 1939-1945 as a result of the Shoah, the Nazi genocide.
Further Reading:
*United States Holocaust Memorial Museum: Armed Jewish Resistance: Partisans.
OK
And so they say we came to this earth to destroy the world. They say the winds ravage the houses and cut the trees and the fire scorches them. But we would devour everything, we would use up the earth, divert the rivers, we would never be quiet, would never rest, but always rush from here to there, looking for gold and silver, and then we would gamble with them, wage war, kill each other, rob each other, curse, never tell the truth, and we would have robbed them of their livelihood.
Correct!
And so they say we came to this earth to destroy the world. They say the winds ravage the houses and cut the trees and the fire scorches them. But we would devour everything, we would use up the earth, divert the rivers, we would never be quiet, would never rest, but always rush from here to there, looking for gold and silver, and then we would gamble with them, wage war, kill each other, rob each other, curse, never tell the truth, and we would have robbed them of their livelihood.
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Author Bio:
Girolamo Benzoni (1519 – ca. 1572) was an Italian conquistador and trader. He joined the Spanish colonisation of the Americas in 1542. His History of the New World, from which the quote is taken, contains many autobiographical features. He is regarded as the narrator of the famous story about Columbus’ Egg.
Source:
Silvia Federici (2014): Caliban and the Witch: Women, the Body and Primitive Accumulation. New York: Automedia.p. 219.
Context:
From 1492 to 1550, an estimated 90-95% of the 80-100 million inhabitants of Latin America died because of colonisation by Spain and Portugal (with the participation of other European powers including the Germans). The silver shipped from Latin America to Spain between 1500 and 1650 represented three times the total European reserves. Amongst other things, this capital allowed for the establishment of manufacturing and industries in Europe. Gold and silver mining involved massive environmental destruction and was based on forced labour that claimed many lives.
Further Reading:
*Silvia Federici (2014): Caliban and the Witch: Women, the Body and Primitive Accumulation. New York: Automedia. p. 219ff.
OK
… for wherever it is found that the sheep of any soil yield a softer and richer wool than ordinary, there the nobility and gentry, and even those holy men, the abbots! not contented with the old rents which their farms yielded (…) They stop the course of agriculture, destroying houses and towns, reserving only the churches, and enclose grounds that they may lodge their sheep in them.
Correct!
… for wherever it is found that the sheep of any soil yield a softer and richer wool than ordinary, there the nobility and gentry, and even those holy men, the abbots! not contented with the old rents which their farms yielded (…) They stop the course of agriculture, destroying houses and towns, reserving only the churches, and enclose grounds that they may lodge their sheep in them.
Year:
Author Bio:
Thomas More (1478-1535) was an English lawyer and politician who was executed for high treason. In 1935 he was made a saint.
Source:
Thomas Morus (1516): Utopia.
Context:
From the end of the 15th century, many small holder tenant farmers, who practised subsistence farming (self-sufficiency), were driven off the land by large landowners. According to Silvia Federici (2014: 68), this land privatisation in Europe began at the same time as colonial expansion into the Americas, with which it was connected. In England, large landowners needed land for their sheep in order to be able to supply the textile manufacturers in Flanders / Belgium with more wool (the price of which had risen sharply). The consequences were rural exodus and impoverishment.
Further Reading:
*Silvia Federici (2014): Caliban and the Witch. Women, the Body and Primitive Accumulation. New York: Autonomedia.
OK
“Peoples of the World, we American Negroes appeal to you; our treatment in America is not merely an internal question of the United States. It is a basic problem of humanity; of democracy; of discrimination because of race and color […].”
Correct!
“Peoples of the World, we American Negroes appeal to you; our treatment in America is not merely an internal question of the United States. It is a basic problem of humanity; of democracy; of discrimination because of race and color […].”
Year:
Author Bio:
W.E.B. Du Bois (1868-1963) was an American human rights activist and civil rights activist as well as philosopher, sociologist and historian.
Source:
Quote: Letter to the newly founded United Nations: “An Appeal to the World: A Statement of Denial of Human Rights to Minorities in the Case of Citizens of Negro Descent in the United States of America and an Appeal to the United Nations for Redress.”
Picture: By Unknown author. WIkimedia. Creative Commons.
Context:
In the letter to the newly founded United Nations and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights implemented with reference to the experiences of National Socialism, Du Bois links the situation of black people in the USA with general questions of human rights. While the USA, as an ally in Europe, was instrumental in the liberation from fascism and injustice, black people in the USA continue to be denied basic rights. Du Bois appeals to the world community not to leave the unjust treatment of black people to the USA as a domestic political problem, but to apply the standard of general humanity and democracy to the USA as well.
Further Reading:
*Thomas C. Holt (2008): “Du Bois, W. E. B.“, in: African American National Biography, Henry Louis Gates Jr. a. Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham (eds.). New York: Oxford UP.
*W.E.B. Du Bois (1947): “An Appeal to the World : A Statement of Denial of Human Rights to Minorities…”,
OK
Where today are the Pequot? Where are the Narragansett, the Mohican, the Pocanet, and other powerful tribes of our people? They have vanished before the avarice and oppression of the white man, as snow before the summer sun… Will we let ourselves be destroyed in our turn, without making an effort worthy of our race? Shall we without a struggle, give up our homes, our lands, bequeathed to us by the Great Spirit? The graves of our dead and everything that is dear and sacred to us? I know you will say with me, Never! Never!
Correct!
Where today are the Pequot? Where are the Narragansett, the Mohican, the Pocanet, and other powerful tribes of our people? They have vanished before the avarice and oppression of the white man, as snow before the summer sun… Will we let ourselves be destroyed in our turn, without making an effort worthy of our race? Shall we without a struggle, give up our homes, our lands, bequeathed to us by the Great Spirit? The graves of our dead and everything that is dear and sacred to us? I know you will say with me, Never! Never!
Year:
Author Bio:
Tecumseh Shawnee (1768-1813) was a fighter and leader of the Shawnee in what is today’s Ohio in the USA. He was known as a powerful speaker, and for his ability to bring together diverse groups.
Source:
Quoted in Alex Alvarez (2016): Native Americans and the Question of Genocide. Lanham: Rowman; Littlefield, p. 9. The quote could be also from 1813.
Context:
After the American War of Independence at the end of the 18th century, a new immigration policy was rolled out. This liberally oriented migration regime wanted to allow migration from Europe. This contrasted with the enslavement of people from Africa, and the expulsions, genocides and expropriations against Native Americans. Through numerous armed conflicts, Native Americans defended themselves against European settler colonisation and its land expropriation and genocidal policies. The victorious settlers created reservations for indigenous peoples. During the 18th century, Tecumseh persevered in his attempt to form a broad alliance against the white settlers. In this quote, in which he mourns his contemporaries, the traumatic brutality of the genocide of the Native Americans is clear.
Further Reading:
*Vine Deloria (1969): Custer Died for your Sins. An Indian Manifesto. New York: Macmillan.
OK
Poor countries – and poor people – differ from rich ones not only in that they have less capital, but in that they have less knowledge (…) Even greater than the knowledge gap is the gap in the capacity to create knowledge.
Correct!
Poor countries – and poor people – differ from rich ones not only in that they have less capital, but in that they have less knowledge (…) Even greater than the knowledge gap is the gap in the capacity to create knowledge.
Year:
Author Bio:
The World Bank is a multinational development bank based in Washington D.C. (USA). Its original purpose was to finance the reconstruction of countries destroyed in the Second World War. Today, the core task is to promote the economic development of “less developed” member states through financial aid, advice and technical assistance.
Source:
World Bank, (1998/99): World Development Report: Knowledge for Development. New York: Oxford University Press, p. 1.
Context:
The World Bank assesses the development status of countries according to the logic of Western capitalist economies. The assumption that only alignment with these standards will lead to progress in the Global South makes it impossible to recognize non-Western values and world views. From this prevailing development policy perspective, deviating lifestyles and social forms are seen as deficits. And this despite the fact that the Western path of development has not proven itself through exploitation and the destruction of people and nature, among other things. Since its foundation in 1946, all but two of the WB’s chairmen have been white American males. Numerous social movements and NGOs in the Global North (attac) and South (Focus on the Global South) have been criticizing and resisting World Bank policies for decades.
Further Reading:
*Franziska Müller & Aram Ziai (2015): Eurocentrism in development cooperation. In: APuZ – Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte, 7-9.
*Grace Blakeley (2020): The Great World Bank Robbery: An Interview with Walden Bello (Podcast). Tribune Magazine.
OK
„Following the dethronement of the Sultan Abdul Hamid II, as known for all, the Ottoman administration was taken over by the statesmen controlled by the Jewish League Zion and known as Committee for Union and Progress. The same Union and Progress organized its huge congress in Salonica with all of its parliamentarians on an October day of 1325 (1909) – whose exact date I cannot remember anymore. In a secret meeting, a smaller commission consisting of leading persons and chairmen answered the question of “How will be Turkey ruled?” which was posed by the Zionist League and its sub-organization East Jews Masonic Lodge with the following resolution listed as four points:
1- The influence and power of the religion in Turkey will be ruptured,
2- The financial resources of the country will be distributed among brothers,
3- Caliphate will be disassociated from the sultanate and thus weakened,
4- The republic will be declared and the dynasty eradicated at the earliest possible date.”
Correct!
„Following the dethronement of the Sultan Abdul Hamid II, as known for all, the Ottoman administration was taken over by the statesmen controlled by the Jewish League Zion and known as Committee for Union and Progress. The same Union and Progress organized its huge congress in Salonica with all of its parliamentarians on an October day of 1325 (1909) – whose exact date I cannot remember anymore. In a secret meeting, a smaller commission consisting of leading persons and chairmen answered the question of “How will be Turkey ruled?” which was posed by the Zionist League and its sub-organization East Jews Masonic Lodge with the following resolution listed as four points:
1- The influence and power of the religion in Turkey will be ruptured,
2- The financial resources of the country will be distributed among brothers,
3- Caliphate will be disassociated from the sultanate and thus weakened,
4- The republic will be declared and the dynasty eradicated at the earliest possible date.”
Year:
Author Bio:
Mevlanzade was a Kurdish Ottoman author and journalist who witnessed the period of upheaval from the Ottoman Empire to the Turkish Republic as a politically active person, while producing anti-Semitic conspiracy theories. He spent his last years as an exile of the Turkish Republic in the French Mandate Syria and was active in the founding of the then Kurdish movement Xoybun.
Source:
Mevlanzade Rıfat Bey (2013): Siyonistler Osmanlıyı Nasıl Yıktı? Derin Tarih Kültür Yayınları, İstanbul. S. 70
Context:
His anti-Semitic texts have been rediscovered in Turkey in the last 10 – 15 years, especially by the Islamist and national-conservative circles, and have been republished and transliterated without any critical comments. The book of Mevlanzade, from which the quotation below is, was first published in 1923 during his exile in Constanza, Romania.
Further Reading:
Yetkin, E. Y. (2018): Imperialer Wahn und Untergangsfantasien. Zum Antisemitismus der konservativ-nationalistischen Szene in der Türkei. In: Jahrbuch für Antisemitismusforschung 27. Metropol Verlag. S. 204–228
OK
I was focusing on the politics—mass action, going to Bisho [site of a definitive showdown between demonstrators and police] (…) But that was not the real struggle—the real struggle was over economics. And I am disappointed in myself for being so naive.
Correct!
I was focusing on the politics—mass action, going to Bisho [site of a definitive showdown between demonstrators and police] (…) But that was not the real struggle—the real struggle was over economics. And I am disappointed in myself for being so naive.
Year:
Author Bio:
William Gumede is a journalist and professor at the University of the Witwatersrand. He is a former ANC activist and leader of the student movement during apartheid.
Source:
Interview with Naomi Klein (2007: 205).
Context:
According to Gumede, during the transition from apartheid to democracy in the early 1990s, everyone looked to the political negotiations as a guarantee of political freedom for the non-white South African population as a whole. Economic regulations did not receive much attention from ANC fighters. This enabled the white South African elite to secure economic power and therefore their wealth. The ANC government was disempowered in terms of economic policy, it could neither distribute land or water for free because these had been privatised, nor raise the minimum wage because of an agreement with the IMF (Klein 2010: 283, German edition).
Further Reading:
*William Gumede (2005): Thabo Mbeki and the Battle for the Soul of the ANC. Cape Town: Zebra Press.
*Naomi Klein (2007): The Shock Doctrine. The Rise of Disaster Capitalism. Toronto: Knopf Canada.
OK
Why should you destroy us, who have provided you with food? (…) You see us unarmed, and willing to supply your wants, if you will come in a friendly manner, and not with swords and guns, as to invade an enemy. I am not so simple, as not to know it is better to eat good meat, lie well, and sleep quietly with my women and children; to laugh and be merry with the English; (…) I insist that the guns and swords, the cause of all our jealousy and uneasiness, be removed and sent away.
Correct!
Why should you destroy us, who have provided you with food? (…) You see us unarmed, and willing to supply your wants, if you will come in a friendly manner, and not with swords and guns, as to invade an enemy. I am not so simple, as not to know it is better to eat good meat, lie well, and sleep quietly with my women and children; to laugh and be merry with the English; (…) I insist that the guns and swords, the cause of all our jealousy and uneasiness, be removed and sent away.
Year:
Author Bio:
Chief Powhatan, 1545-1618, whose actual name was Wahunsenacawh, leader of the Algonquian-speaking Native Americans in what is now Virginia, where British colonists landed in the late 16th century.
Source:
Howard Zinn (1980/2003: 13).
Context:
The historian Howard Zinn wrote about how Native Americas in Virginia were initially friendly to European settlers, with some Europeans even living with them during a famine in 1610. However, Zinn also described violent retaliation on the part of the British: ‘When one of them [Native Americans] stole a small silver cup, Grenville [the leader of the British settlers] burned an entire village’ (Zinn 2003: 12). According to historian Edmund Morgan, the Europeans’ strategy was to exterminate the Native Americans. As the latter knew the area better and were difficult to make contact with, the English held sham peace negotiations, allowed the Native Americans to settle, and then killed as many as possible, burning their crops just before harvest (Morgan 2003: 100). Chief Powhatan’s brother Opechancanough led the resistance against the British.
Further Reading:
*Glen Sean Coulthard (2014): Red Skin, White Masks. Rejecting the Colonial Politics of Recognition. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
*Edmund S. Morgan (1975/2003): American Slavery, American Freedom. New York: Norton.
*Howard Zinn (1980/2003): A People‘s History of the United States. 1492 – present. New York: Harper Collins.
OK
Give a man a fish and he can eat for a day. Give him a fishing rod and he can feed himself. Alternatively, don’t poison the fishing waters, abduct his great-grandparents into slavery, then turn up 400 years later on your gap year talking a lot of sh*te about fish.
Correct!
Give a man a fish and he can eat for a day. Give him a fishing rod and he can feed himself. Alternatively, don’t poison the fishing waters, abduct his great-grandparents into slavery, then turn up 400 years later on your gap year talking a lot of sh*te about fish.
Year:
Author Bio:
Frankie Boyle (born in 1972) is a Scottish comedian.
Source:
Frankie Boyle (2015): Britain’s criminally stupid attitudes to race and immigration are beyond parody.
Context:
The quote is from a discussion about anti-migration policies in Great Britain. Boyle claims that poverty and migration have to be associated with the colonial past and exploitation by the British Empire. He also parodies British development aid: “Thanks for the gold, guys, thanks for the diamonds. We did a fundraiser and got you fishing rods.”
Further Reading:
Timo Kiesel / Carolin Philipp (2011): white charity. Blackness and whiteness on charity add posters..
OK
Aboriginal women and families have been on the frontline all along trying to expose violence against indigenous women and its deep-seated roots, as well as to bring about chang. It has been more than 519 years that our women are still resisting colonial violence against us, our people, our nation and our land. It is the longest social movement in North America. To end violence for all people, aboriginal women must be at the epicenter of the solution.
Correct!
Aboriginal women and families have been on the frontline all along trying to expose violence against indigenous women and its deep-seated roots, as well as to bring about chang. It has been more than 519 years that our women are still resisting colonial violence against us, our people, our nation and our land. It is the longest social movement in North America. To end violence for all people, aboriginal women must be at the epicenter of the solution.
Year:
Author Bio:
Bridget Tolley (born in 1960), is a Kitigan Zibi Anishinabeg activist for the rights of First Nation women in Canada.
Source:
Context:
Indigenous women were often at the forefront of anti-colonial movements. For example, Toypurina (1760-1799) in present day California or Bartolina Sisa (1750 / 1753-1782) in Bolivia. Sisa was in command of an army of 40,000 fighters who besieged the Spanish colonisers in La Paz for three months in 1781. The International Day of Indigenous Women takes place on the date of her death: she was executed by the Spaniards on the 5th of September, 1782. The educationalist Cyndy Baskin writes that colonial tyranny has often displaced indigenous gender concepts. For example, her research has shown that women were respected members of society in indigenous communities in Turtle Island, Canada (Baskin 2019).
Further Reading:
*Pearson McKinney (2016): Before European Christians Forced Gender Roles, Native Americans Acknowledged 5 Genders.
*Beverley Jacobs (2014): How do we stop aboriginal women from disappearing? Ted talk.
*Families of Sisters in Spirit.
*Cyndy Baskin (2019): Contemporary Indigenous Women’s Roles: Traditional Teachings or Internalized Colonialism?
OK
England has a double mission to fulfil in India: one destructive and one renewing – the destruction of the old Asian social order and the laying of the material foundations of a Western social order in Asia. The Arabs, Turks, Tartars, Mughals, who invaded India one by one, were quickly Hinduised (…). The British conquerors were the first to reach a higher level of development and were therefore inaccessible to Hindu civilisation.
Correct!
England has a double mission to fulfil in India: one destructive and one renewing – the destruction of the old Asian social order and the laying of the material foundations of a Western social order in Asia. The Arabs, Turks, Tartars, Mughals, who invaded India one by one, were quickly Hinduised (…). The British conquerors were the first to reach a higher level of development and were therefore inaccessible to Hindu civilisation.
Year:
Author Bio:
Karl Marx (1818-1883) was a German philosopher, economist and journalist, and co-founder of the First International (International Workingmen’s Association). His main work Das Kapital is one of the most important books for the international labour movement.
Source:
Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels (1960): Werke. Band 9. Berlin/DDR: Dietz, p. 221.
Context:
Even Karl Marx, who fought for the liberation and empowerment of the European proletariat, submitted to the European ideology of supremacy. Nonetheless, his ideas and theories inspired movements in Asia, Africa, Europe and Latin America to throw off colonial or bourgeois rule, and were still prominent during the First World War (starting with the Russian October Revolution of 1917). However, the newly created systems were by no means free from domination. There were also mass communist movements in England, Spain, Italy and Germany, as well as, for a short period, Soviet republics (Räterepubliken) in Bremen, Leipzig and Munich. Many theorists and activists in Third World liberation movements referred to Marx, e.g. Walter Rodney from Guyana or Fidel Castro in Cuba and Kwame Nkrumah in Ghana. There was also a strong Marxist movement in India. Intellectuals still invoke Marxism today, e.g. the historian Vijay Prashad (author of The Darker Nations: A People’s History of the Third World (2007)) or the literary scholar Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak (Can the Subaltern Speak (1988)).
Further Reading:
*Vijay Prashad (2007): The Darker Nations. A People‘s History of the Third World. New York: The New Press.
*The Times of India (2018): “Marxism Should be Re-imagined”: Spivak.
OK
“If the first woman God ever made was strong enough to turn the world upside down all alone, these women together ought to be able to turn it back, and get it right side up again!”
Correct!
“If the first woman God ever made was strong enough to turn the world upside down all alone, these women together ought to be able to turn it back, and get it right side up again!”
Year:
Author Bio:
Sojourner Truth (1797-1883), originally born into slavery, free from 1827, was an activist who campaigned for the abolition of slavery and for equality for women.
Source:
Quote: Sojourner Truth (1851): “Ain‘t I a woman?”, https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/mod/sojtruth-woman.asp
Picture: Randall Studio – This picture was digitally processed, Wikimedia, Creative Commons.
Context:
Sojourner Thruth gave the speech “Ain’t I a woman” at the women’s convention in Akron, Ohio in 1851, criticizing the unequal treatment of black and white women, to which the question “Am I not a woman?” refers. The speech is also directed against the unequal treatment of men and women and the lack of rights for women. In the quote, she refers to the Bible, in particular to the original mother Eve and her strength to turn the world upside down.
In her speech, Truth draws attention to the specific intertwining of sexism and racism in the 19th century.
Further Reading:
*bell hooks (2014): Ain’t I a Woman. Black Women and Feminism. New York: Taylor & Francis Ltd.
*Sojourner Truth [1851]: “Ain’t I a Woman?“
OK
“The natural laws and rules of men are common to all peoples, Christian and pagan, without distinction and no matter what their sect, law, status, color or origin may be.”
Correct!
“The natural laws and rules of men are common to all peoples, Christian and pagan, without distinction and no matter what their sect, law, status, color or origin may be.”
Year:
Author Bio:
Bartholomé de Las Casas (1484-1566) was a Spanish Dominican monk and the first bishop of Chiapa (today: Mexico). He came as a soldier who took part in colonization. Later he changed his opinion and criticized the violence against the indigenous population.
Source:
Quote translated after: Bartolomé de Las Casas (1996): Brief an Prinz Philipp vom 20.4.1544″, in: Delgasdo Mariano (Hrsg.): Sozialethische und staatsrechtliche Schriften, Vol. 3 (1), Paderborn: Schöningh Verlag, pp. 33-59, p. 51.
Picture: Unknown painter; Informations source : National Geographic & Álvaro Huerga, Bartolomé de Las Casas: Vie et œuvres.
Context:
Long before the individual rights of freedom in 18th century Europe, Las Casas turned against Spain’s policies of colonialization by calling for equal rights for all people. He pointed out the illegality of the alleged treaties with indigenous populations, which were intended to legitimize colonial land seizure and rule of the Spanish conquerors. Las Casas attempted to defend equality and freedom of the subjugated peoples as human beings and their right to political self-determination. His writings and his advocacy of the indigenous population exposed Las Casas to the accusation, e.g. insult of the Spanish nation, disortion of history or being mentally ill. Because of his writings and advocacy of the indigenous people, Las Casas was accused of insulting the Spanish nation, falsifying history and being mentally ill.
Further Reading:
*Lawrence A. Clayton (2012): Bartolomé de las Casas: A Biography. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
*Resources on Bartolomé de Las Casas.
OK
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